Bible translations by language

From Wikinfo

Jump to: navigation, search


Search for "Bible_translations_by_language" on Wikipedia  • Wikimedia Commons • Wiktionary • Wikiquote • Wikibooks • Mediawiki Wikia • Wikitravel • Google Advanced Search • Yahoo Advanced Search • WorldCat Advanced Search • Amazon • Recent NY Times • Older NY Times.

This article summarizes the history of Bible translations in individual languages, in alphabetical order by language. Links to more detailed articles are provided when available. At the end of some sections are tables comparing verses in different translations.

Contents (by language)

Afrikaans • Apache • Arabic • Aramaic • Arapaho • Azeri • Belarusian • Burmese • Catalan • Cherokee • Chinese • Croatian • Czech • Dakota • Dutch • English • Esperanto • Finnish • French • German • Gothic • Greek • Gullah • Hawaiian • Hawaiian Pidgin • Hebrew • Hopi • Hungarian • Icelandic • Inupiat • Irish • Italian • Japanese • Jèrriais • Kazakh • Klingon • Konkani • Korean • Latin • Lisu • Malayalam • Manx • Maori • Navajo • Norwegian • O'odham • Pashto • Persian • Polish • Portugese • Romanian • Russian • Serbian • Spanish • Slavonic • Slovene • Swahili • Swedish • Tagalog • Tongan • Turkish • Uyghur • Vietnamese • Wakhi • Welsh • Zulu • Zuñi • References

Afrikaans

The Bible was translated into Afrikaans in 1933, revised in 1953 by the Bybelgenootskap van Suid Afrika, a South African Bible society. There is also a 1983 translation.

Translation Genesis 1:1-3
1953 In die begin het God die hemel en die aarde geskape. En die aarde was woes en leeg, en duisternis was op die wêreldvloed, en die Gees van God het gesweef op die waters. En God het gesê: Laat daar lig wees! En daar was lig.

Apache

Missionary Crusader, Lubbock, Texas published an Apache language translation of John, James, and 1 John in 1958.

After translating the Navajo Bible, Faye Edgerton learned Apache, and together with Faith Hill, and the Apache's Celena Perry, Britton Goods, Johnson Ethelbah, and Happy Moses, translated the New Testament into the Western Apache language. The Apache New Testament was completed, and presented to President Johnson in 1966.[1]

Arabic

Jewish

In the 10th century AD Saadia Gaon wrote a Tafsir, an Arabic translation of the Tanakh with a lengthy commentary. These were written in Hebrew characters (Judeo-Arabic). Much of the commentary is lost, but the translation has survived intact, and even served as part of the liturgy of Yemenite Jews, who read the Torah in the synagogue with each Hebrew verse translated twice: First to the Aramaic targum, and second to Saadia's Tafsir.

Christian

In 1671 the Catholic Church published the whole Bible at Rome. The translation was done under the direction of Sergius Risi, the Catholic Archbishop of Damascus. Francis Britius aided the translation.

The most popular translation is the Van Dyck Version, funded by the Syrian Mission and the American Bible Society. The project was the brainchild of Eli Smith, and started around 1847, centred in Beirut. After Eli Smith's death it was completed under the direction of Cornelius Van Allen Van Dyck. Others involved included Nasif al Yaziji and Boutros al Bustani. The New Testament was completed on March 9, 1860, followed by the Tanach on March 10, 1865. About 10 million copies of this version have been distributed since 1865. It has been accepted by the Coptic Church and the Protestant churches. This translation was based mostly on the same Textus Receptus as the King James Version of the Bible, and follows a more literal style of translation. Most printings of the Van Dyck version use the same basic printing plates which have been employed for years (possibly the same plates that were made when the translation was first adopted; maybe somebody can verify that fact). These plates employ the "stacking" version of writing Arabic, in which, for example, letters that precede other specified letters, such as "Jeem," are written vertical to rather than horizontal to that letter. This style of Arabic can be hard to read at times, especially for non-native students of Arabic. More recently, newer printings of the Van Dyck have been made which employ a more common, straightforward Arabic font.

While most of the Arabic in the Van Dyck version is pretty standard, there is some terminology in it that Muslim or other non-Christian readers may not understand (e.g. "As-hah", the word for a chapter of the Bible; "tajdif", the word for blasphemy.) It should also be noted that an Arab Muslim reading the Bible in Arabic (especially if he is reading the New Testament) will find the rather straightforward style quite different from the more cryptic tone that he is used to in the Qur'an (this is more or less true of all Arabic translations of the Bible). Also of note is the fact that Qur'anic/Islamic terminology was not very much used in this version of the Bible (as it is in most versions of the Bible).

In 1973 the International Bible Society began to work on a new translation, this project was named the Arabic Life Application Bible. The Injil (New Testament) was released in 1982, and the whole Bible was completed in 1988.

In 1992 the Bible Society, released Today's Arabic Version, a Dynamic equivalence translation designed to be as easy to understand as possible. It is the Arabic equivalent of the English Good News Translation.

External links

Aramaic

Targum

Main article: Targum

Aramaic translations of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) played an important role in the liturgy and learning of rabbinic Judaism. Each such translation is called a Targum (plural: Targumim). During Talmudic times the targum was interpolated within the public reading of the Torah in the synagogue, verse by verse (a tradition that continues among Yemenite Jews to this day). Targum is also an important source for Jewish exegesis of the Bible, and had a major influence on medieval interpreters (most notably Rashi).

Peshitta

Main article: Peshitta

The Peshitta is an ancient Christian translation of the Bible into Syriac (Eastern Aramaic). It continues to serve as the Bible of churches in the Syriac tradition to this day.

Arapaho

The first Bible portion in Arapaho was translated by John Kliewer, a mennonite missionary, he translated Matthew 9:1-8. This was published with commentary in a ten page pamphlet by Wm. J. Krehbiel in 1888.

The first book was done by John Roberts, a Protestant Episcopal missionary, and Michael White Hawk who translated the Gospel of Luke into the Arapaho language for the American Bible Society in 1903. Distributed Proofreaders is working on digitizing it [1].

Translation Lord's Prayer, from Luke 11:2-4
Roberts & White Hawk (1903) Nau hanaāāedauwunaude, hāene nananena vanevethahenā jeenanesenehena, Hāsaunaunene Nananede hanedaude hejavaa, Vadanauha Nananene haneseede. Nananene hanajanede hanājaunauau. Nananene hathanavāane hadnaasedaunee hasauau hejavaa, nau jee nuu vedauauwuu. Hejevenāa hadauchusenee hayauwusenee vethewau. Nau jejaegudanauwunāa hewauchudaudenedaunau hanau nechau nejaegudanauwunade haunauude hanesāde nethāesayānedanauwunuade. Nau jevaechauhāa nedauvasehadee; hau haugaunayauhāa hehethee hadau wausauau.

Azeri

The first Azeri translation was an incomplete translation, published in 1842. The New Testament was fully translated and published in 1878 and the entire Bible in 1891. In 1982, the Russian Institute for Bible Translation released a revised Azeri translation, which is currently used in Azerbaijan. Azeris in Iran follow a slightly different translation.

Comparison

Translation Matthew (Mətta) 6:9–13
Institute for Bible Translation, 1982
(commonly used in Azerbaijan) 		Ey göylərdə olan Atamız! Adın müqəddəs tutulsun. Səltənətin gəlsin. Göydə olduğu kimi, Yerdə də Sənin iradən olsun. Gündəlik çörəyimizi bizə bu gün ver; Və bizə borclu olanları bağışladığımız kimi, Bizim borclarımızı da bağışla; Və bizi imtahana çəkmə, Lakin bizi şərdən xilas et. Çünki səltənət, qüdrət və izzət Əbədi olaraq Sənindir. Amin.
Unknown translation
(commonly used in Iran) 		Ey göylərdə olan Atamız! Sənin adın müqəddəs olsun. Səltənətin gəlsin. Sənin iradən Göydə olduğu kimi, Yerdə də olsun. Gündəlik çörəyimizi bu gün bizə ver; Və bizim borclarımızı bizə bağışla, Necə ki, biz də bizə borclu olanları bağışlayırıq; Bizi imtahana çəkmə, Lakin şərdən xilas et. Çünki səltənət, qüdrət və izzət Əbədə kimi Sənindir. Amin.

External links

Belarusian

The first translation into Belarusian was by Francysk Skaryna. He printed his first book entitled The Psalter, in the Old Belarusian language on August 6, 1517 in Prague. He continued his printing work in Vilnius. The culmination of his life's work was a printing of the Bible in Old Belarusian. From 1517 to 1519 he printed 23 books of the Bible. Skaryna laid the foundations of the Belarusian literary language. Belarusian bible was the first translation in an Eastern Slavic language and one of the first among European languages.

In 2000 a translation from an Ols-Slavic Bible was executed by well known Byelorussian slavist and translator Vasiliy Sergeevich Semukha, with the help of Metropolitan of Byelorussian Authokefal Orthodox Church Nickolaj and missionary of Global Missionary Ministries George Rapetsky (Canada).

Burmese

Adoniram Judson made the first translation of the Bible into Burmese, completed in 1834.

External links

Catalan

Middle Ages to 19th century

The first translation of the whole Bible into Catalan was produced between by the Catholic Church, between 1287 and 1290. It was entrusted to Jaume de Montjuich by Alfons II of Aragon. Remains of this version can be found in Paris (Bibliothèque Nationale). Also, in the same French library, we can find another translation into Catalan, which Jaume II of Aragon received on November 23rd, 1319.

In the early fifteenth century appeared another whole Bible translation by Bonifaci Ferrer. In 1490 a psalter by Joan Roís de Corella came to light in Venice. The Catalan Bible by Bonifaci Ferrer was printed before any Bible was printed in English or Spanish, in 1478.

The prohibition, in Spain and other Catholic countries, of vernacular translations, along with the decline of the Catalan language until its renaissance in the nineteenth century, explain why there were no translations into Catalan from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century.[2]

In 1832 a Catalan exiled in London, J.M. Prat Colom, sponsored by the British and Foreign Bible Society, translated the New Testament (Lo Nou Testament de nostre Senyor Jesu-Christ), which was published afterwards in Barcelona (1836) and Madrid (1888).

20th century to present

In the twentieth century many new translations flourished, both Catholic and Protestant.

Catholic translations

  • 1948 Bíblia de Cambó, by Fundació Bíblica Catalana; started in 1927
  • 1968 Bíblia de Cambó, 2nd Edition: a new translation, reprinted some times
  • 1970 Bíblia dels Monjos de Montserrat: by the Monks of Montserrat, started in 1926. Other editions based on it have been published, with some textual variations

Protestant translations

  • 1988 Nou Testament: the New Testament, by the Institució Bíblica Evangèlica de Catalunya, with the help of the International Bible Society
  • 2000 Bíblia Evangèlica Catalana (BEC); also La Bíblia del 2000: by Pau Sais and Samuel Sais of the Institució Bíblica Evangèlica de Catalunya [2]

Ecumenical translation

For the Ecumenical translation, Catholic and Protestant translators worked together. However, there are two editions: a Catholic edition with the deuterocanonical books and a Protestant edition without.

  • 1993 Bíblia Catalana Interconfessional (BCI), by Associació Bíblica de Catalunya, Editorial Claret, and Societats Bíbliques Unides [3]

Comparison

Translation Genesis 1:1–3 John 3:16
Bíblia Catalana Interconfessional (BCI) Al principi, Déu va crear el cel i la terra. La terra era caòtica i desolada, les tenebres cobrien la superfície de l'oceà, i l'Esperit de Déu planava sobre les aigües. Déu digué: -Que existeixi la llum. I la llum va existir. Déu ha estimat tant el món que ha donat el seu Fill únic perquè no es perdi cap dels qui creuen en ell, sinó que tinguin vida eterna.
Bíblia Evangèlica Catalana (BEC) En el principi, Déu va crear el cel i la terra. La terra era caòtica i desolada, les te­nebres cobrien la superfície de l’abis­me i l’esperit de Déu planava per da­munt les aigües. I Déu digué: “Que hi hagi llum”; i hi hagué llum. Ja que Déu ha estimat tant el món, que ha donat el seu Fill únic perquè tot el qui creu en ell no es perdi, sinó que tingui vida eterna.

Cherokee

In 1824 the first portion of the Bible was translated into the Cherokee language: John 3, translated by a native Cherokee, At-see (also known as John Arch). It was circulated in manuscript, and received with wonderful avidity, being copied hundreds of times.[3] The complete New Testament was translated in 1825 by David Brown, also a native Cherokee; this was also circulated in manuscript form, as a type for the Cherokee syllabary had not yet been created.

The first actual printing of a Bible portion in Cherokee appeared in the Missionary Herald of December, 1827, and consisted of the first verse of Genesis, translated by Samuel Worcester. In 1828, David Brown, together with a man named George Lowrey, translated Matthew. This was printed in the Cherokee Phoenix from April 3, 1828 till July 29, 1829. It is uncertain whether this translation was ever published in book form or not.

Samuel Worcester, and Elias Boudinot, editor of the Cherokee Phoenix, published a revised translation of Matthew in 1829. This was published by the Cherokee National Press, New Echota. In the second edition, published in 1832, there is a statement that this translation had been "compared with the translation of George Lowrey and David Brown."[4] A third edition was printed by the Park Hill Mission Press in 1840.

Worcester and Boudinot continued with translation, publishing Acts in 1833 and John in 1838. Worcester, together with Stephen Foreman, published John 1–3 in 1840, 1 and 2 Timothy in 1844, James in 1847, 1 and 2 Peter in 1848, Luke in 1850, Exodus in 1853, Genesis in 1856, Mark in 1857, and Romans through Ephesians in 1858. With the assistance of Charles C. Torrey, they published Philippians through 2 Thessalonians, Titus through Hebrews and Jude through Revelation in 1859. Besides the first three books translated together with Boudinot, Matthew (1829), Acts (1833), and John (1838), which were published in New Echota, Georgia, all the rest of Worcester's texts were published by the Park Hill Mission Press. In the meantime, Evan and John B. Jones had published Mark 1 and 2 Thessalonians, Titus, Jude, and Philemon in 1847, and Galatians through Colossians, 1 and 2 Peter in 1848 and Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Hebrews and Revelation in 1849. Their work was published by the Cherokee Baptist Mission.[5] The full New Testament was published by the American Bible Society in 1860.

With the help of Stephen Foreman, Worcester also translated portions of Psalms, Proverbs, and Isaiah.[6]

Jonah, translated by Amory N. Chamberlain, was published in Tahlequah in 1888. A "corrected version", prepared by M.A. Pearson, was published in 1953 by the American Bible Society. Revisions of John (1948) and the New Testament (1951) were published in Westville, Oklahoma.[7]

In 1965 the Perkins School of Theology published a translation of Haggai by Jack and Anna Kilpatrick.[8]

A project to digitalize what has been translated, and finish the translation, had begun at CherokeeBible.org, however it never got very far. New digitalizations efforts have begun at Wikisource[9] and CherokeeNewTestament.net.

Translation John 3:16
ᎾᏍᏙᎸ ᏩᏙᏠᏣᎳᎩᏜ ᎾᏍᎩᏰᏃ ᏂᎦᎥᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎨᏳᎡᎩ ᏒᎶᎯ ᏕᎤᏲᎡᎩ ᎤᏤᏝᎦ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒᎯᏳ ᎤᏕᏁᎸᎯ, ᎩᎶ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏱᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎦ ᎤᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᏒᏳᎯ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᏱ.

Chinese

Main article: Chinese Bible Translations

The first translations of the Bible into Chinese were made by Catholic missionaries. However, they were only manuscript copies. Beginning with Robert Morrison in 1807, Protestant missionaries in China sought to translate the vernacular dialects and publish the Scriptures as broadly as possible. The most popular version used in Chinese Protestant Church today is the Chinese Union Version (zh:和合本). Although this version has been translated for nearly a century and the Chinese language has changed a lot, the Chinese Union Version is still widely used.

The first Catholic Chinese Bible to be published was started by a young Franciscan friar named Gabriele Allegra, he began translating the Old Testament from the original Hebrew and Aramaic languages in 1935. 10 years later he recruited Frs. Solanus Lee, Antonius Lee, Bernardinus Lee, and Ludovicus Liu in Beijing. However, due to the Chinese civil war in 1948, the friars were forced to move the Studium Biblicum in Hong Kong. After 20 years of effort, the first Old Testament was published in 1954. In 1968 the New and Old Testaments were published in a single volume.

Notable Chinese Bible Translations

External links

Croatian

The first complete translation was Jesuit Kasić's manuscript. The work was done from 1622 to 1637, but remained unpublished until 2000. It was in 1831 that the first published Croatian Bible appeared, translated by a Franciscan Matija Petar Katančić. After a few other versions, the most widely accepted and praised is modern language translation from 1968, the so called Zagreb Bible, which is partially based on the Jerusalem Bible.

External links

Czech

The first translation of the whole Bible into Czech, based on the Latin Vulgate, was done in 1360. The Bible is called the "Bible of Dresden". This manuscript was lost during World War I. Many other translations followed this Bible of Dresden, and from the linguistic point of view they can be divided in four different redactions. The last one was finally printed.

The first printed Czech New Testament is the "New Testament of Dlabač", printed in 1487. The first printed complete Bible is the "Bible of Prague" from 1488. Another Czech Bible printed before the year 1501 is the "Bible of Kutná Hora", printed in 1489. All these texts were translated from the Vulgate.

The first translation from the original languages into Czech was the Bible of Kralice, first published in years 1579–1593. The translation was done by the Unity of the Brethren. The third edition from 1613 is considered classical and is one of the most used Czech Bible translations.

Dakota

The Dakota Bible translation was started with Thomas E. Williamson and a half-breed trader, Mr. Renville, who had taken an interest in Williamson's work. After Williamson had modified the Latin alphabet to "work" for Dakota, he spent day after day for two or three winters in Renville's warehouse, reading verse by verse from his French Bible. Mr. Renville would then give the Dakota, and Williamson would write it down. They finished Mark and John this way. In 1837 Williamson was joined by Stephen Riggs, and both of them learned Dakota, and then compared the tentative translation with the original Greek.

In 1843 they offered a corrected gospel to the American Bible Society to be printed. It took nearly 40 years before the full Bible was translated. Williamson never lived to see it finished, as he died in 1879. There work was revised by Williamson's son, the Rev. John Williamson.[10]

External links

Dutch

The first translation into Dutch directly from Greek and Hebrew sources was the Statenvertaling. It was ordered by the States-General at the Synod of Dordrecht in 1618/19, and first published in 1637. It soon became the generally accepted translation for Reformed churches in the Netherlands and remained so well into the 20th century. It was supplanted to a large extent in 1951 by the Nederlands Bijbelgenootschap (NBG) translation, which still uses relatively old-fashioned language.

Modern language translations are Groot Nieuws Bijbel (GNB), International Bible Society's Het Boek, and the Catholic Willibrordvertaling. In 2004, the Nieuwe Bijbelvertaling (NBV) translation appeared, which was produced by an ecumenical translation team, and is intended as an all-purpose translation for pulpit and home use; however, there has been much criticism on its accuracy.

Around the same time, there has also been much work on very literal, idiolect translations, such as the Naarden translation of 2004, Albert Koster's translation of the Old Testament, a work in progress since 1991, and the Torah translation of the Societas Hebraica Amstelodamensis.

Comparison

Translation Genesis 1:1–3 John (Johannes) 3:16
Statenvertaling (SV) In den beginne schiep God den hemel en de aarde. De aarde nu was woest en ledig, en duisternis was op den afgrond; en de Geest Gods zweefde op de wateren. En God zeide: Daar zij licht! en daar werd licht. Want alzo lief heeft God de wereld gehad, dat Hij Zijn eniggeboren Zoon gegeven heeft, opdateen iegelijk die in Hem gelooft, niet verderve, maar het eeuwige leven hebbe.
Nederlands Bijbelgenootschap (NBG) In den beginne schiep God de hemel en de aarde. De aarde nu was woest en ledig, en duisternis lag op de vloed, en de Geest Gods zweefde over de wateren. En God zeide: Er zij licht; en er was licht. Want alzo lief heeft God de wereld gehad, dat Hij zijn eniggeboren Zoon gegeven heeft, opdat een ieder, die in Hem gelooft, niet verloren ga, maar eeuwig leven hebbe.
Groot Nieuws Bijbel (GNB) In het begin schiep God de hemel en de aarde. De aarde was onherbergzaam en verlaten. Een watervloed bedekte haar en er heerste diepe duisternis. De wind van God joeg over het water. Toen zei God: ‘Er moet licht zijn!’ En er was licht. Want God had de wereld zo lief dat hij zijn enige Zoon gegeven heeft, opdat iedereen die in hem gelooft, niet verloren gaat maar eeuwig leven heeft.
Willibrordvertaling (WV) In het begin schiep God de hemel en de aarde. De aarde was woest en leeg; duisternis lag over de diepte, en de geest van God zweefde over de wateren. Toen zei God: ‘Er moet licht zijn!’ En er was licht. Zoveel immers heeft God van de wereld gehouden, dat Hij zijn eniggeboren Zoon heeft geschonken, zodat iedereen die in Hem gelooft niet verloren gaat, maar eeuwig leven bezit.
De Nieuwe Bijbelvertaling (DNV) In het begin schiep God de hemel en de aarde. De aarde was nog woest en doods, en duisternis lag over de oervloed, maar Gods geest zweefde over het water. God zei: ‘Er moet licht komen,’ en er was licht. Want God had de wereld zo lief dat hij zijn enige Zoon heeft gegeven, opdat iedereen die in hem gelooft niet verloren gaat, maar eeuwig leven heeft.

External links

English

See main articles:

Esperanto

The initiator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, translated the entire Hebrew Bible into Esperanto. A monograph by Douglas B. Gregor, La Esperanta traduko de la Malnova Testamento, compares Zamenhof's translation in some detail with a wide variety of major versions in other languages. A committee, consisting primarily of British clergy and scholars, was formed to translate the New Testament and review Zamenhof's translation for eventual publication by the British and Foreign Bible Society. The New Testament was published in 1910. A translation of the entire Christian canon, often referred to in Esperanto as the "Londona Biblio", was published in 1926. The most recent printing of the "Londona Biblio", issued in 2003, includes the Berveling translation of the Catholic deuterocanonical books.

An Esperanto organization devoted to Biblical and Oriental Studies, the Internacia Asocio de Bibliistoj kaj Orientalistoj, beginning in the 1960s, attempted to organize the translation of a new, ecumenical Esperanto Bible version, but this project eventually lapsed, with only Gerrit Berveling's translation of Numbers (Nombroj, 1999) published. Dr. Berveling (a Dutch Free Church theologian and classical linguist) has, however, translated most of a new version of the New Testament, eschewing the syntactically overliteral tendencies of the B&FBS version, which is perhaps most akin among English versions to the Revised Version of 1881. His gospels have been published as La bona mesaĝo de Jesuo: laŭ X [X = Mateo, Marko, Luko, Johano, all 1992], and the first volume of his projected New Testament has appeared as Leteroj de Paŭlo kaj lia skolo (2004). He has also published a three-volume edition of the Deuterocanonical Books (La duakanonaj libroj), the first two of which (those included in the Catholic Canon) are incorporated in the latest printing of the Londona Biblio.

There have also been other translations of specific books of the Bible and of shorter portions.

Translation Genesis (Genezo) 1:1–3 John (Johano) 3:16
Brita kaj Alilanda Biblia Societo En la komenco kreis Dio la ĉielon kaj la teron. Kaj la tero estis senforma kaj dezerta, kaj mallumo estis super la abismo; kaj la spirito de Dio ŝvebis super la akvo. Kaj Dio diris: Estu lumo; kaj fariĝis lumo. Ĉar Dio tiel amis la mondon, ke Li donis Sian solenaskitan Filon, por ke ĉiu, kiu fidas al li, ne pereu, sed havu eternan vivon.

External links

Finnish

The first Finnish translation of the New Testament was Mikael Agricola's Se Wsi Testamenti Somexi (The New Testament in Finnish), which was translated from Greek originals into Finnish in 1548. Agricola is today considered the father of the Finnish written language.

The first translation of the whole Bible was the so-called Vanha kirkkoraamattu (Old Church Bible), titled Biblia, Se on: Coco Pyhä Ramattu Suomexi. This edition was translated by committee led by Bishop Erik Rothovius 1638-1641, and published 1642. It was revised 1683-1685 (Florinus).

As the Finnish written and spoken language evolved during the centuries and literacy became commonplace also amongst the laypeople, need for a new edition arose. The so-called Biblia or Vuoden 1776 raamattu (Year 1776 Bible) was published in 1776. It was the first edition meant not only to ecclestical but also to domestic use, and first written in Modern Finnish. It was revised 1859. The 1776 Bible is the version used by two revival movements (the Laestadians and the "Beseechers") within the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland even today. This is because it, unlike the newer translations, is based on the Textus Receptus, as is, for instance, the King James Version.

Again a new translation was needed in the early 20th century, and a committee for translation was set 1911. It had its work ready 1933. Full edition of Bible was published in 1938. This edition is often referred as Vuoden 1938 kirkkoraamattu (year 1938 Church Bible). It was translated by the Finnish Lutheran Church, and intended to Lutheran use. As the translationary principle was "one source language word - one Finnish word", its text is very archaizing, and it uses dialectal terms obsolete even during the era. The 1938 edition consisted of Old Testament, deuterocanonicals and New Testament.

The latest official Finnish translation dates to 1992, the so-called Uusi kirkkoraamattu (New Church Bible). It is the first Finnish ecumenical edition; the translation committee consisted not only of the representants of the Finnish Lutheran Church, but also of academics and representants of Finnish Orthodox Church and Finnish Catholic Church, and is intended to use of all Christian denominations. the principle of 1992 edition is contextual translation; instead of verbatim translation, translation in context has been attempted as accurately as possible. The initial edition consisted of only New and Old Testament: the translation of the Old Testament deuterocanonicals were finished only 2004.

Of the non-official Finnish translations the most important is Uuden Maailman käännös (New World Translation) used by Jehovah's Witnesses. The principle in translation of this edition has been same as on 1938 edition: as verbatim translation as possible. Unfortunately the translation of the "Uuden Maailman käännös" has been done from English instead of original Aramaic and Greek, making the edition somewhat inaccurate. It should be noted that the New World Translation is considered by experts[11][12][13][14] to be a "heretical" version containing obvious faults in translation primarily of an eisegetical nature due to their rejection of many of the central doctrines of Christianity, such as the deity of Christ.

Comparison

Translation John (Johannes) 3:16
1776 Sillä niin on Jumala maailmaa rakastanut, että hän antoi ainoan Poikansa, että jokainen, joka uskoo hänen päällensä, ei pidä hukkuman, mutta ijankaikkisen elämän saaman.
1938 Sillä niin on Jumala maailmaa rakastanut, että hän antoi ainokaisen Poikansa, ettei yksikään, joka häneen uskoo, hukkuisi, vaan hänellä olisi iankaikkinen elämä.
1992 Jumala on rakastanut maailmaa niin paljon, että antoi ainoan Poikansa, jottei yksikään, joka häneen uskoo, joutuisi kadotukseen, vaan saisi iankaikkisen elämän.

French

See also: Traductions de la Bible en français on French Wikipedia

The first printed translation of the Bible into French was the work of the French theologian Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples in 1530 in Antwerp, Belgium. This was substantially revised and improved in 1535 by Pierre Robert Olivétan. This Bible, in turn, became the basis of the first French Catholic Bible, published at Leuven in 1550, the work of Nicholas de Leuze and François de Larben. Finally, the Port-Royal version, prepared by Antoine Lemaistre and his brother Louis Isaac Lemaistre, finished in 1695, achieved broad acceptance among both Catholics and Protestants. Jean-Frédéric Ostervald's version (1724) also enjoyed widespread popularity.

Many Francophone Protestants now use the Louis Segond version, which was finished in 1880, and revised substantially between 1975 and 1978. The Revised Louis Segond Bible is published by the American Bible Society.

Another modern French Bible is the Bible du Semeur, finished in 2000. This is a more thought-for-thought translation than Segond's, and it uses more contemporary language. It is published by the International Bible Society. Another similarly translated Bible that is very popular with French readers is the Bible en français courant, published in 1987 by the Alliance Biblique Universelle.

Among Catholics, the most notable contemporary French translation is La Bible de Jérusalem, available in English as The Jerusalem Bible, which appeared first in French in 1954 and was revised in 1973. Its copious but concise footnotes and apparatus have won respect among both Protestant and Catholic readers. This translation has served as the basis for versions in many other languages besides French.

The chief Jewish version of the Hebrew Scriptures in French is La Bible du rabbinat français, which was finished in 1906 and was revised in 1966.

Comparison

Translation Genesis (Genèse) 1:1–3 John (Jean) 3:16
Louis Segond (LSG) Au commencement, Dieu créa les cieux et la terre. La terre était informe et vide: il y avait des ténèbres à la surface de l'abîme, et l'esprit de Dieu se mouvait au-dessus des eaux. Dieu dit: Que la lumière soit! Et la lumière fut. Car Dieu a tant aimé le monde qu'il a donné son Fils unique, afin que quiconque croit en lui ne périsse point, mais qu'il ait la vie éternelle.
La Bible du Semeur (BDS) Au commencement, Dieu créa le ciel et la terre. Or, la terre était alors informe et vide. Les ténèbres couvraient l'abîme, et l'Esprit de Dieu planait au-dessus des eaux. Et Dieu dit alors: Que la lumière soit! Et la lumière fut. Oui, Dieu a tant aimé le monde qu'il a donné son Fils, son unique, pour que tous ceux qui placent leur confiance en lui échappent à la perdition et qu'ils aient la vie éternelle.
Bible en français courant (BFC) Au commencement Dieu créa le ciel et la terre. La terre était sans forme et vide, et l'obscurité couvrait l'océan primitif. Le souffle de Dieu se déplaçait à la surface de l'eau. Alors Dieu dit : « Que la lumière paraisse ! » et la lumière parut. Car Dieu a tellement aimé le monde qu'il a donné son Fils unique, afin que quiconque croit en lui ne soit pas perdu mais qu'il ait la vie éternelle.

External links

German

Main article: German Bible translations

Gothic

The only translation of the Bible into the extinct Gothic language was made by the bishop Ulfilas and is preserved in one hand-written copy, known as the Codex Argenteus.

Greek

Ancient Greek

Main article: Septuagint

The Greek word for bible is "bibilia" which means "books"

The Septuagint (LXX), the ancient translation of the Hebrew Bible into Koine Greek (3rd–1st centuries BC), was the very first Bible translation in any language. It was widely disseminated among ancient Hellenistic Jews, and later became the received text of the Old Testament in the church and the basis of its canon.

Modern Greek

In 1901, Alexandros Pallis translated the Gospels in Modern Greek. The publishing of the translation in a newspaper caused riots in Athens, known as Evangelika (Ευαγγελικά).

Today the most common translation in Greek is the Neophytus Vamvas Translation (known also as Modern Greek). A revisioned NVT is the New Vamvas Translation of Spyros Filos.

The New Bible Version is recognized by the Orthodox Church.

Gullah

The effort to translate the Bible into Gullah, a creole language spoken by residents of the Sea Islands, began in 1979 with a team of Gullah speakers from the Penn Center. They were assisted by Pat and Claude Sharpe, translation consultants for Wycliffe Bible Translators. Pat Sharpe died in 2002, and was replaced by David and Lynn Frank. The gospels of Luke and John were released in 1995 and 2003, while the New Testament was released in 2005.

Translation John 3:16
De Nyew Testament Cause God lobe all de people een de wol so much dat e gii we e onliest Son. God sen we um so dat ebrybody wa bleebe on um ain gwine ded. Dey gwine libe fa true faeba mo.

External links

Hawaiian

A Hawaiian translation was done by New England Christian missionaries and the Reverend Hiram Bingham in the early 1800s[15]. The Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) were translated in 1828[15]. The rest of the New Testament was translated in 1832, the Old Testament was translated in 1839, and the translation was revised in 1868[15].

Translation John 3:16
Ke Kauoha Hou No ka mea, ua aloha nui mai ke Akua i ko ke ao nei, nolaila, ua haawi mai oia i kana Keiki hiwahiwa, i ole e make ka mea manaoio ia ia, aka, e loaa ia ia ke ola mau la.

External links

Hawaiian Pidgin

A translation of the New Testament in Hawaiian Pidgin, titled Da Jesus Book, was published in 2000 by Wycliffe Bible Translators. It was translated by a retired Cornell University linguistics professor Joseph Grimes, who worked with 26 Pidgin speakers 12 years on it.

Translation John 3:16
Da Jesus Book God wen get so plenny love an aloha fo da peopo inside da world, dat he wen send me, his one an ony Boy, so dat everybody dat trus me no get cut off from God, but get da real kine life dat stay to da max foeva.

Hebrew

Apocrypha

The books of the apocrypha were not preserved in the Jewish tradition (as reflected in the Hebrew masoretic text). Though many of them were originally composed in Hebrew, they have reached us only in Greek form, as found in the Septuagint and preserved by the church. In modern times there has been renewed Jewish interest in these books, which has resulted in a few translations into Hebrew.

Two major annotated Hebrew translations of the apocrypha were published in the twentieth century. Both editions include commentaries by the editors, both are vowelized, and both of them incorporate parts of the original Hebrew for Ben Sira that were found in the Cairo Geniza and the Dead Sea Scrolls.

  • Avraham Kahana, ed. and trans., Ha-Sefarim ha-Hitsonim. Tel-Aviv: Hotsaat Meqorot, 1937 (2 vols.), most recently reissued in 1959.
  • Eliyah Shemuel Hartom (aka. Elia Samuele Artom), ed. and trans., Ha-Sefarim ha-Hitsonim. Tel-Aviv: Yavneh, 1965-69.

The Hebrew website Da`at, which collects texts related to Jewish education, has published an online version of public domain Hebrew translations of the apocrypha from the 19th century. The translation for most of the books is that of Yizhak Zelik Frankel, Ketuvim Aharonim (Warsaw, 1885). The online translations have been formatted and slightly modernized.

New Testament

The Greek New Testament has been translated into Hebrew several times since the nineteenth century. These versions are widely distributed by missionary groups targeting Jews, often in bilingual editions.

Hopi

Part of the Bible was published for the first time in 1929. The New Testament was first published in 1972. It seems to mainly have been the work of Jonathan Ekstrom

Hungarian

The first significant Bible translations into Hungarian are as follows:

  • Hussite Bible (probably 1436–1439, only fragments remained)
  • New Testament (1541, János Sylvester): the first full New Testament in Hungarian
  • Gáspár Károli's translation (also known as Vizsolyi Biblia and its translator as Károlyi, 1590, Protestant): the first complete version in Hungarian, which gained wide popularity and is occasionally used even today as the "classic" translation (similarly to the KJV in English)
    • Revised last time in 2003
  • György Káldi's translation (1626, the first full Catholic version)
    • Revised in 1835, 1851, 1865, 1934, 1973, and 1997
  • Magyar Bibliatársulat új fordítású Bibliája: Protestant translation by the Hungarian Bible Society
  • Szent István Társulati Biblia: Saint Stephen Society Bible; Catholic translation
  • Szent Jeromos Bibliatársulat: Saint Jerome Bible Society; Catholic. Based on Káldi's translation and the Nova Vulgata

Comparison

Translation John (János) 3:16
Károli's translation Mert úgy szerette Isten e világot, hogy az ő egyszülött Fiát adta, hogy valaki hiszen ő benne, el ne vesszen, hanem örök élete legyen.
Magyar Bibliatársulat új fordítású Bibliája Mert úgy szerette Isten a világot, hogy egyszülött Fiát adta, hogy aki hisz őbenne, el ne vesszen, hanem örök élete legyen.
Szent István Társulati Biblia Mert úgy szerette Isten a világot, hogy egyszülött Fiát adta oda, hogy aki hisz benne, az el ne vesszen, hanem örökké éljen.
Szent Jeromos Bibliatársulat
Mert úgy szerette Isten a világot, hogy egyszülött Fiát adta, hogy mindaz, aki őbenne hisz, el ne vesszen, hanem örök élete legyen.

External links

Icelandic

The New Testament was the first book printed in Icelandic. It was translated by Oddur Gottskálksson (whose father was Norwegian) and published in 1540. 44 years later the whole Bible was printed in Icelandic thanks to Guðbrandur Þorláksson, a Protestant bishop at Hólar. The current publisher of the Icelandic Bible is Hið íslenska Biblíufélag (The Icelandic Bible Society).

Translation John 3:16
Hið ísl. Biblíufélag (1981) Því svo elskaði Guð heiminn, að hann gaf son sinn eingetinn, til þess að hver sem á hann trúir glatist ekki, heldur hafi eilíft líf.

Inupiat

Roy Amaogak, together with Don & Thelma Webster of Wycliffe Bible Translators translated the New Testament into Inupiat. It was published in 1967 by the American Bible Society.

Irish

The first Irish translation of the New Testament was begun by Nicholas Walsh, Bishop of Ossory, who worked on it until his untimely death in 1585. The work was continued by John Kearny, his assistant, and Dr. Nehemiah Donellan, Archbishop of Tuam, and it was finally completed by William O'Domhnuill (William Daniell, Archbishop of Tuam in succession to Donellan). Their work was printed in 1602.

The work of translating the Old Testament was undertaken by William Bedel (1571-1642), Bishop of Kilmore, who completed his translation within the reign of Charles the First, however it was not published until 1680, in a revised version by Narcissus Marsh (1638-1713), Archbishop of Dublin.

Italian

The first printed translation of the Bible into Italian was the Malermi Bible in 1471 from the Latin version Vulgata.

Giovanni Diodati in 1607 translated the bible from Latin and Jewish documents; its versions is the reference version for the Italian Protestanism.

The Bible of CEI (Conferenza episcopale Italiana) is the official version of the Italian Catholic Church. It was first printed in 1971 (editio princeps) as the work of only three translators in order to keep the text more consistent, and revised in 1974 (editio minor).

In 1997 the New Testament has been revised considering newly discovered documents. A revision of the Old Testament is expected for 2007.

Japanese

Catholic missionaries (Kirishitan) entered Japan in 1549, and Jesuits published the full New Testament in Kyoto, in 1613. Shortly afterwards, however, Christianity was banned and all the missionaries were exiled. That translation of the Bible is now lost.

Work on translation started outside of Japan in the 1800s by Protestant missionaries interested in Japan. Karl Gutzlaff of the London Missionary Society translated the Gospel of John in Macau in 1837. He referred to the Chinese version 神天聖書. Bernard J.Betterlheim, who had been a missionary in the Ryūkyū Kingdom (Okinawa) and who had been exiled, translated the Bible to Ryūkyūan and published the Gospel of Luke and John, Acts of the Apostles and the Epistle to the Romans in Hong Kong in 1855.

Japan re-opened in 1858, and many missionaries came into the country. They found that intellectuals could read Chinese texts easily, so they used Chinese Bibles at first. However, the rate of the intellectuals was not so high (about 2%) and there was a multitude to be enlightened. They needed a Japanese Bible.

The most famous early translation was done by James Curtis Hepburn, of the Presbyterian Mission, and Samuel Robbins Brown, of the Reformed Church of America. It is presumed that Japanese intellectual assistants helped translate Bridgman and Culbertson's Chinese Bible (1861) into Japanese, and Hepburn and Brown adjusted those phrases. The Gospels of Mark, Matthew and John were published in 1972.

Hepburn's project was taken over by a Missionary Committee, sponsored by the American Bible Society, British and Foreign Bible Society and the Scottish Bible Society in Tokyo. Their New Testament and Old Testament, called the "Meiji version (明治元訳)," was published in 1880 and 1887 respectively. They translated from a Greek text as well as the King James version.

A revision of New Testament, the Taisho Revised Version (大正改訳) appeared in 1917. This version was widely read even outside of the Christian society. Its phrases are pre-modern style, but became popular in Japan. This was based off the Nestle-Aland Greek Text and the English Revised Version (RV).

After World War II, the Japanese Bible Society translated a colloquial version of the Bible, the New Testament being ready in 1954, and the Old Testament in 1955. Because of its poor literary style never became very widely read. This translation was based off of the Revised Standard Version (RSV).

Emile Raguet, of the MEP translated the New Testament from the Vulgate Latin version and published it in 1910. It was treated as the standard text by Japanese Catholics. Federico Barbaro colloquialized it in (published in 1957). He went on to translate the Old Testament in 1964.

Based on Greek and Hebrew text, the Franciscan completed a translation of the whole the Bible in 1978. This project had been inspired by the Jerusalem Bible.

In the Orthodox Church, Nicholas and Tsugumaro Nakai translated the New Testament as an official text in 1901.

The Second Vatican Council decided to promote an ecumenism and emphasized a respect for the Bible. Consortia between the Catholic and the Protestant churches were organized and translation projects started in many countries, including Japan. The collaboration committee published the New Testamentja:共同訳聖書 in 1978, but was not supported by both congregation; Catholic and Protestant. The committee went back to the board and published the revised version ja:新共同訳聖書, in which the Old Testament was included, in 1987. It has been distributed well, but some Evangical and Fundamentalist churches refused it and used their own revised Bible ja:改訳聖書(1973).

There are many other Japanese translations of the Bible by various organizations and individuals.

Comparison

Translation John 1 (verses vary)
Gutzlaff (1837) John 1:1-2
ハジマリニ　カシコイモノゴザル、コノカシコイモノ　ゴクラクトトモニゴザル、コノカシコイモノワゴクラク。ハジマリニ　コノカシコイモノ　ゴクラクトトモニゴザル。
Betterlheim (1855) John 1:1-2
はじめに　かしこいものあり　かしこいものハ　神と　ともにいます　かしこいものハすなわち神
Hepburn (1872) John 1:1-4
元始(はじめ)に言霊(ことだま)あり　言霊は神とともにあり　言霊ハ神なり。この言霊ハはじめに神とともにあり。よろづのものこれにてなれり　なりしものハこれにあらでひとつとしてなりしものハなし。これに生(いのち)ありし　いのちは人のひかりなりし。
Meiji version (1880) John 1:3
万物(よろづのもの)これに由(より)て造(つく)らる造(つくら)れたる者に一つとして之に由(よ)らで造られしは無(なし)
Taisho Revised Version (1917) John 1:1-3
太初(はじめ)に言(ことば)あり、言(ことば)は神と偕(とも)にあり、言(ことば)は神なりき。この言(ことば)は太初(はじめ)に神とともに在(あ)り、萬(よろづ)の物これに由(よ)りて成り、成りたる物に一つとして之によらで成りたるはなし。
Colloquial version (1954) John 1:1-3
初めに言(ことば)があった。言(ことば)は神と共にあった。言(ことば)は神であった。この言(ことば)は初めに神と共にあった。すべてのものは、これによってできた。できたもののうち、一つとしてこれによらないものはなかった。
Barbaro (1957) John 1:1-3
はじめにみことばがあった。みことばは神とともにあった。みことばは神であった。かれは、はじめに神とともにあり、万物はかれによってつくられた。つくられた物のうち、一つとしてかれによらずつくられたものはない。
Franciscan (1978) John 1:1-3
初めにみ言葉があった。／み言葉は神と共にあった。／み言葉は神であった。／み言葉は初めに神と共にあった。／すべてのものは、み言葉によってできた。／できたもので、み言葉によらずに／できたものは、何一つなかった。
新共同訳 (1987) John 1:1-3
初めに言(ことば)があった。言(ことば)は神と共にあった。言(ことば)は神であった。この言(ことば)は、初めに神と共にあった。万物は言(ことば)によって成った、成ったもので、言(ことば)によらず成ったものは何一つなかった。

Jèrriais

Only selected passages from the Bible has been translated into Jèrriais.

Translation John (Jean) 3:16
Lé Nouvieau Testament Car Dgieu aimait tant l'monde qu'i' donnit san seul Fis, à seule fîn qu'touos les cheins tchi craient en li n'péthissent pon, mais qu'il aient la vie êtèrnelle.

Kazakh

Charles Fraser of the Scottish Missionary Society, was the first person to work on translation of the Kazakh Bible. His translation of Matthew was published in 1818, and the New Testament in 1820--by the Russian Bible Society. J.M.E Gottwald, a Professor at Kazan University, revised it, and this was published in 1880 by the British and Foreign Bible Society in Kazan, it was republished in 1887, and 1910. George W. Hunter, of the China Inland Mission in Urumqi, considered this translation to be "a good translation, into Astrahan-Turki"[16], he did not consider it to be Kazakh. Darlow and Moule say that it was intended for Kyrgyz in the neighborhood of Orenburg, and the language was sometimes called "Orenburg Tatar"[17]. The Book of a Thousand Tongues calls it Kirghiz.[18]

Macarius II, the Bishop of Tomsk, translated Mark, published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in Tomsk in 1894.[19] All four Gospels in one were published in Kazan by Pravoslavnoe Missionerskoe Obshchestvo in 1901. I'm not sure if this is related to the edition of Mark previously published in Kazan, or if it is the same as I. Katerinksi's translation, listed in Book of a Thousand Tongues as Kirghiz.

Mildred Cable's biography of George Hunter just says "a Qazaq speaking Russian". This version is printed in a Cyrillic script, slightly different then what Qazaqs use today, it has a lot of Russian/Greek words in it, and uses Russian/Greek names, instead of Qazaq/Islamic ones.

The 1901 work was republished in 1972 by the Institute for Bible Translation in Stockholm, Sweden.

George W. Hunter of the China Inland Mission was aware of the Kazan 1901 translation, and after much prayer that he would be able to get a copy of it, a man approached him in the bazaar offering to exchange it (a book he could not read) for one that he could.[20]

From Cable's book it would seem that Hunter's translations are just a transliteration of the Kazan version. However there are many differences, he may have only done a lot of revisions on them, or he may have just used them as a reference for his own work. Hunter's work has a more Qazaq feel about it.—getting rid of all the Russian/Greek names in favour of Qazaq/Muslim ones among other things. Besides the gospels, Hunter also translated, Acts and Genesis, these had never before been translated into Qazaq. Hunter had the help of a Mullah, and may have also had the help of Percy Mather.

When Examples of Various Turki Dialects was written in 1918, Abdul Kader was the Mullah who was helping them. He may be the same who helped with the translation, and writing used in Hunter's gospels.

The information about publications of Hunter's versions below is given to the best of my knowledge, perhaps there was more translated that ended up with Hunter's journals, wherever they disappeared to. Hunter may also have translated and published some work in Urumqi later on that never got out to Shanghai, some maybe never published, some maybe only published in small quantities in Tihwafu.

Acts, Mark, and a tentative edition of Matthew was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society/China Inland Mission in "Tihwafu" (Urumqi) in 1917. A 2'nd edition, (new edition of the 1917 translation by G.W. Hunter) of Mark was published in Shanghai in 1918. A 2'nd edition (new edition of the 1917 translation by G. W. Hunter) of Acts was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in Shanghai in 1919. All four Gospels where published again by the British and Foreign Bible Society in Shanghai in 1927, and again in 1928. The Shanghai BFBS also published Genesis in 1931.

A modern translation of the Kazakh Bible is in progress.

Klingon

The entire Bible, based off of the World English Bible has been translated into the Klingon language - the artificial language spoken by Klingons in the fictional Star Trek universe.

Translation John 3:16
Klingon Language Version vaD joH'a' vaj loved the qo', vetlh ghaH nobta' Daj wa' je neH puqloD, vetlh 'Iv HartaH Daq ghaH should ghobe' chIlqu', 'ach ghaj eternal yIn.

External links

Konkani

Konkani is the Indo-Aryan language of Konkan in western coastal regions of India.

External links

Korean

  • Korean Living New Testament
  • Korean Common Language Bible. 1977
  • Pyongyang Bible. 1984

In 1866, an American merchant ship, the General Sherman, was sunk as it tried to enter Pyongyang along the Daedong river. All on board were killed in the ensuing battle, including Protestant missionary from the British Congregation Church to Korea – a young man called Robert Thomas. He had managed to get to shore, holding a copy of the Chinese Bible, which he gave to one of the Korean soldiers before he died. [21]

Latin

Main articles: Vetus Latina and Vulgate

There were a number of piecework translations into Latin during the period of the early Church. Collectively, these versions are known as the Vetus Latina. In the Old Testament, they follow the Greek Septuagint closely, it being their usual source, and reproduce its variations from the Hebrew Masoretic Text. They were never rendered independently from the Hebrew or Greek; they vary widely in readability and quality, and contain many solecisms in idiom, some by the translators themselves, others from literally translating Greek language idioms into Latin.

All of these translations were made obsolete by St. Jerome's Vulgate version of the Bible. Jerome knew Hebrew, and revised and unified the Latin Bibles of the time to bring them into conformity with the Hebrew as he understood it. The liturgical Psalms, however, are often taken from the older Latin bibles.

As discussed in the Vulgate article, there are several different versions of the Vulgate: the Clementine Vulgate, the Stuttgart Vulgate, the Nova Vulgata. These represent various attempts to either revise or modernise the Vulgate, or to recover Jerome's original text.

In the Protestant Reformation, Theodore Beza produced a new Latin version of the Old Testament, the Apocrypha and the New Testament. However, because demand for a Latin Bible among Protestants declined steadily, Beza's translation never achieved wide circulation. Nevertheless Beza's Latin translation, with its many exegetical margin notes, influenced the translation of the famous Geneva Bible.

Comparison

Translation John 3:16
Vulgate Sic enim dilexit Deus mundum, ut Filium suum unigenitum daret, ut omnis qui credit in eum non pereat, sed habeat vitam æternam.
Theodore Beza Ita enim Deus dilexit mundum, ut Filium suum unigenitum illum dederit, ut quisquis credit in eum, non pereat, sed habeat vitam æternam.

Lisu

Central Lisu

After creating the Fraser alphabet, Fraser initially worked on Mark and John. He then handed on the translation task to Allyn Cooke and his wife, Leila, coming back to help the team with revision and checking in the mid 1930s. The complete New Testament was finished in 1938. And the complete Bible in 1968. In 1995 a 45,000 Lisu Bibles were published.

Eastern Lisu

Part of the Bible was published for the first time in 1912. The New Testament was first published in 1951. The entire Bible is not yet translated.

Malayalam

The Malayalam New Testament was first published in 1829. First complete Malayalam Bible was printed by Benjamin Bailey, the Anglican missionary, in 1841.

The International Bible Society, currently known as IBS-STL had translated and published the NIBV (New India Bible Version) in Malayalam which was released in 1997 , distributed by Growthinc India Publishing Pvt.Ltd. and had good demand from many scholars, pastors, students and even the traditional Christians, who preferred it more because of its easy readability and narrative style.

The Complete Malayalam Bible in Unicode was published online on 14 August 2004. By Nishad H. Kaippally. The newest Complete Malayalam version Vishudha Sathyavedapusthakam was released on 2000 by Bro. Dr. Mathews Vergis. An interactive CD of Vishudha Sathyavedapusthakam was also produced by Bro. Dr. Mathews Vergis, and this is the first of its kind in any Asian language.

External links

Manx

The Bible was translated into the Manx language, a dialect of Gaelic, by a committee of clergy from the Isle of Man. The New Testament appeared in 1767, and the complete Bible in 1772.

Translation Genesis 1:1–3 John (Ean) 3:16
British Bible Society 1819 Ayns y toshiaght chroo Jee niau as thalloo. As va'n thalloo gyn cummey, as feayn; as va dorraghys er eaghtyr y diunid: as ren spyrryd Yee gleashagh er eaghtyr ny ushtaghyn. As dooyrt Jee, Lhig da soilshey 've ayn; as va soilshey ayn. Son lheid y ghraih shen hug Jee d'an theihll, dy dug eh e ynyrcan Vac v'er ny gheddyn, nagh jinnagh quoi-erbee chredjagh aynsyn cherraghtyn, agh yn vea ta dy bragh farraghtyn y chosney.

Maori

The Bible was translated into the Maori language in the 19th century by missionaries sponsored by the Church Missionary Society. [22]

Navajo

L. P. Brink, a Christian Reformed missionary translated the first portions of the Bible into the Navajo language. His translation's of Genesis and Mark were published by the American Bible Society in 1910. Presbyterian missionaries John Butler and Alexander Black translated short portions, and in 1917 after collaborative work by all three men, as well as one other, the American Bible Society published in one volume portions from Exodus, Psalms, Luke, Romans, First Corinthians, and Revelation, as well as a revised version of Genesis and Mark. In 1937 Acts was added, and it was republished as "God Bizaad" (God's Word)[23]

Work only began in earnest, however, when Faye Edgerton joined Wycliffe Bible Translators in 1944. She and Geronimo Martin revised the older translations, and completed most of the New Testament. The Corinthian epistles were translated by William Goudberg and Jacob Kamps of the Dutch Reformed Church. The New Testament was published in 1956, and became a instant bestseller among the tribe.[24]. The complete Bible was printed for the first time in 1986. A revision was published by the American Bible Society in 2000.

Norwegian

As Danish was the written language of Denmark–Norway, there was no Norwegian language Bible until the independence of Norway in 1814, and for some time thereafter (see Norwegian language struggle). The independence of Norway saw the formation of the Norwegian Bible Society, which first produced Bibles in Danish, which became Bokmål as a separate Norwegian written language was formalized. A translation of the New Testament into Nynorsk was published in 1899, and of the entire Bible in 1921.[25]

O'odham

The O'odham New Testament was translated by Dean and Lucille Saxton.

Pashto

The New Testament was first published in the Pashto language in 1818, with the first complete Bible in 1895. In 1991 the Pakistan Bible Society produced a modern New Testament, most recently revised in 1996.

External links

Persian

The Bible was translated into Persian in the early 19th century. One major figue in this work was Henry Martyn, a contemporary of William Carey, who translated the New Testament. In 1811 he journeyed into Persia (now Iran). There he sent a copy of his translation of the New Testament to the Shah [26]. It was published in 1815. The complete bible translation was completed in 1838 [27]. A new version, Common Language Translation, first published in 1976. The New Testament is largely based on Henry Martyn's work.

Polish

Main article: Slavic translations of the Bible#Polish versions

An early and influential Polish translation of the Bible was made by the Polish Jesuit, Jakub Wujek (1541-97). This translation shaped the style of Polish Biblical language.

Portuguese

The principal translator of the Bible into Portuguese was João Ferreira de Almeida, who began the translation in 1644, at the age of 16, and continued until his death in 1691. He translated all of the New Testament and a majority of the Old Testament. Those portions he did not translate before his death were completed by Jacob op den Akker.

A new Public Domain Wikisource translation, the Biblia Aberta is now in progress.

Romanian

The first complete translation to Romanian was done in 1688 (called "Biblia de la Bucureşti") by Radu and Şerban Greceanu with the help of Şerban Cantacuzino and Constantin Brâncoveanu.

Before the Greceanu brothers, have been other partial translation like the Slavic-Romanian Gospel (1551), Coresi's Gospel (1561), The Braşov Psalm Book (1570), Palia from Orăştie (1582), The New Testament of Alba Iulia (1648) and others.

Two main translations are currently used in Romanian. The Orthodox church uses the "Biblia Sinodală" (Bible of the Holy Synod) version, the standard Romanian Orthodox Bible translation, published with the blessings of Patriarch Teoctist, whereas Protestant denominations mainly use the more widespread translation of Dumitru Cornilescu, first published in 1928. In 1989 "Biblia Cornilescu Revizuită" (Revised Cornilescu Version) appeared; it tried to get the existing translation closer to the original manuscripts, in a form grammatically corrected and adapted according to the evolution of the modern Romanian language.

Comparison

Translation John (Ioan) 3:16
Cornilescu (1928) Fiindcă atît de mult a iubit Dumnezeu lumea, că a dat pe singurul Lui Fiu, pentruca oricine crede în El, să nu piară, ci să aibă viaţă vecinică.
Biblia Cornilescu Revizuită (1989) Fiindcă atît de mult a iubit Dumnezeu lumea, că a dat pe singurul Său Fiu, pentru ca oricine crede în El să nu piară, ci să aibă viaţă veşnică.
Biblia Sinodală Biblia Ortodoxă Online Căci Dumnezeu aşa a iubit lumea, încât pe Fiul Său Cel Unul-Născut L-a dat ca oricine crede în El să nu piară, ci să aibă viaţă veşnică.
Traducerea lumii noi (2000)
Romanian version of New World Translation 		Fiindcă atât de mult a iubit Dumnezeu lumea, încât l-a dat pe Fiul său unic-născut, pentru ca oricine exercită credinţă în el să nu fie distrus, ci să aibă viaţă veşnică.

Russian

The first portions of the Bible in Russian are from 1815, and the first complete New Testament from 1821.

The Pentateuch was translated into Russian by Archimandrite Makarij in 1825.

The Russian Synodal translation was published in 1876.

The International Bible Society sponsored a new translation from Greek of the New Testament, which was completed in 1998.[28]

Serbian

Atanasije Stojković translated the New Testament to Serbian in 1830. More published translation by Vuk Karadžić was next (1847), completed by the Old Testament translation by Đuro Daničić (1865).

More recent translations are the following:

  • Lujo Bakotić, 1933, complete
  • Dimitrije Stefanović, 1934, New Testament
  • Emilijan Čarnić, 1973, New Testament
  • the Synod with the Bible Society, 1984, complete
  • Aleksandar Birviš, 1987, four Gospels.

Comparison

Translation Genesis ( ) 1:1–3 John (Jevanđelje po Jovanu) 3:16
Đuro daničić, Vuk Karadžić U početku stvori Bog nebo i zemlju. A zemlja beše bez obličja i pusta, i beše tama nad bezdanom; i duh Božji dizaše se nad vodom. I reče Bog: Neka bude svetlost. I bi svetlost. Jer Bogu tako omile svet da je i Sina svog Jedinorodnog dao, da nijedan koji Ga veruje ne pogine, nego da ima život večni.
Emilijan Čarnić (1992) New Testament only Jer Bog je tako zavoleo svet da je svog jedinorodnog Sina dao, da svaki - ko veruje u njega - ne propadne, nego da ima večni život.

External links

Spanish

Main article: Spanish translations of the Bible

The first complete translation from the originals into Spanish was published in 1569 (called "Biblia del Oso") by Casiodoro de Reina.

  • Biblia Alfonsina, 1280.
  • Biblia del Duque de Alba, 1430.
  • Antiguo Testamento del rabino Salomón, 1420.
  • Antiguo Testamento de traductor anónimo, 1420.
  • Nuevo Testamento de Francisco de Enzinas, 1543.
  • Ferrara Bible, 1553.
  • Nuevo Testamento de Juan Pérez de Pineda, 1556.
  • Reina o "Biblia del Oso" (RV), 1569, revised in 1602 by Cipriano de Valera (see Reina-Valera).
  • Biblia del padre Scío de San Miguel, 1793.
  • Versión Moderna, 1893.
  • Biblia de Petisco y Torres Amat, 1825.
  • Nuevo Testamento versión hispanoamericana, 1916.
  • Biblia Nácar-Colunga, 1944.
  • Biblia Bóver-Cantera, 1947.
  • Nuevo Testamento de monseñor Straubinger, 1948.
  • Nuevo Testamento traducción del Nuevo Mundo, 1963. Translation from English.
  • Biblia de Jerusalén, 1966.
  • Biblia traducción del Nuevo Mundo, 1967. Translation from English.
  • Biblia de Editorial Labor, 1968.
  • Biblia edición pastoral para Latinoamérica, 1972.
  • La Biblia de editorial Herder, 1975.
  • Nueva Biblia Española, 1976.
  • Biblia Interconfesional, 1978.
  • Dios Habla Hoy o Versión Popular (DHH), 1979.
  • La Biblia al Día, 1979.
  • Biblia el libro del pueblo de Dios, 1980.
  • Nuevo Testamento de la Universidad de Navarra, 1983.
  • Biblia de las Américas (BLA), 1986.
  • Biblia, versión revisada por un equipo de traductores dirigido por Evaristo Martín Nieto. 1989.
  • Biblia Casa de la Biblia, 1992.
  • Biblia del Peregrino, 1993.
  • Nuevo Testamento versión Recobro, 1994.
  • Nueva Versión Internacional (NVI), 1999.
  • Nuevo Testamento traducción de Pedro Ortiz, 2000.
  • Nuevo Testamento la Palabra de Dios para Todos (PDT), 2000.
  • Biblia traducción en lenguaje actual (TLA), 2003.
  • Biblia la Palabra de Dios para Todos (PDT), 2005.

Comparison

Translation John (Juan) 3:16
La Palabra de Dios para Todos (PDT) Dios amó tanto al mundo que dio a su Hijo único para que todo el que crea en él no se pierda, sino que tenga vida eterna.
Reina-Valera 1960 Porque de tal manera amó Dios al mundo, que ha dado a su Hijo unigénito, para que todo aquel que en él cree, no se pierda, mas tenga vida eterna.
Nueva Versión Internacional Porque tanto amó Dios al mundo, que dio a su Hijo unigénito, para que todo el que cree en él no se pierda, sino que tenga vida eterna.
Dios Habla Hoy Pues Dios amó tanto al mundo, que dio a su Hijo único, para que todo aquel que cree en él no muera, sino que tenga vida eterna.
La Biblia de las Américas Porque de tal manera amó Dios al mundo, que dio a su Hijo unigénito, para que todo aquel que cree en Él, no se pierda, mas tenga vida eterna.

External links

Slavonic

Main article: Slavic translations of the Bible

In 862, two monks named Saints Cyril and Methodius were commissioned by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, to take the Gospel to Great Moravia. They translated the Bible and many liturgical service books into Slavonic, which was spoken in various dialects throughout much of Eastern Europe. Their translation was later used to evangelize Bulgaria and Kievan Rus in the 10th century. As there was no written form of Slavonic prior to their translation, they created what became known as the Glagolitic alphabet, loosely based on Greek, and their disciples derived from it the Cyrillic alphabet, which is used by Russian and other East European languages. The Slavonic used in their translation is now known as Old Church Slavonic and its later version as the Church Slavonic still used in liturgical services in Russian Orthodox and several other Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic churches.

Slovene

Both Old and New Testaments were first translated to Slovene by Protestant writer and theologian Jurij Dalmatin. The translation was printed in Wittenberg, Germany in 1584 and was smuggled back to Slovenia hidden in barrels so that Catholic authorities could not discover it. The Slovenes thus became the 12th nation in the world with a complete Bible in their language, overtaking many much larger European nations. The Bible translation was the major achievement of Slovene Protestant literature.

External links

Slovene Biblical Society

Swahili

The first translation of parts of the Bible into Swahili was accomplished by 1868, with a complete New Testament translation following in 1879 and a translation of the whole Bible in 1890. Since that time, there have been several translations into different dialects of Swahili as spoken in different regions of East Africa; these include the Union Translation published by the Bible Society of Tanzania in 1950 and the Swahili Common Language version.

Translation John (Yohana) 3:16
Union Translation Kwa maana jinsi hii Mungu aliupenda ulimwengu, hata akamtoa Mwanawe pekee, ili kila mtu amwaminiye asipotee, bali awe na uzima wa milele.

Swedish

Several translations to Swedish have been performed over the years. Until the reformation, a Latin Bible was used, but Gustav Vasa, who converted Sweden to Protestanism, ordered the first translation into the Swedish tongue.

Several translations has been made since then, including:

  • Gustav Vasas bibel: the original ordered by Gustav Vasa in 1541
  • Karl XIIs bibel: ordered by Charles XII of Sweden in 1703
  • Normalupplagan
  • Helge Åkessons översättning
  • 1917 års bibelöversättning: used in official churches until 2000
  • Nya Världens bibelöversättning: by Jehovah's Witnesses
  • David Hedegårds översättning (New Testament only)
  • Bo Giertz översättning (New Testament only)
  • Svenska folkbibeln
  • Bibel 2000: the latest official translation, including the Old Testament Apocrypha
  • Levande Bibeln: completed in September 2000, by the International Bible Society[29]
  • Reformationsbibeln (New Testament only)

Comparison

Translation Genesis (1 Mosebok) 1:1–3 John (Johannes) 3:16
Svenska 1917 (SV1917) I begynnelsen skapade Gud himmel och jord. Och jorden var öde och tom, och mörker var över djupet, och Guds Ande svävade över vattnet. Och Gud sade: »Varde ljus»; och det vart ljus. Ty så älskade Gud världen, att han utgav sin enfödde Son, på det att var och en som tror på honom skall icke förgås, utan hava evigt liv.
Svenska Folkbibeln I begynnelsen skapade Gud himmel och jord. Jorden var öde och tom, och mörker var över djupet. Och Guds Ande svävade över vattnet. Gud sade: "Varde ljus!" Och det blev ljus. Ty så älskade Gud världen att han utgav sin enfödde Son, för att den som tror på honom inte skall gå förlorad utan ha evigt liv.
Bibel 2000 I begynnelsen skapade Gud himmel och jord. Jorden var öde och tom, djupet täcktes av mörker och en gudsvind svepte fram över vattnet. Gud sade: ”Ljus, bli till!” Och ljuset blev till. Så älskade Gud världen att han gav den sin ende son, för att de som tror på honom inte skall gå under utan ha evigt liv.
Levande Bibeln (SVL) Allt började när Gud skapade himlen och jorden. Först var jorden ett formlöst och tomt kaos, och Guds Ande svävade över de mörka dimmorna. Då sa Gud: Ljus, bli till. Då blev det ljust. För Gud älskade människorna så mycket att han gav dem sin ende Son, för att de som tror på honom inte ska gå under utan ha evigt liv.

External links

Tagalog

  • Ang Biblia ng Sambayanang Pilipino Full text

Tongan

A translation of the Bible into Tongan was completed by James Egan Moulton in 1902 after serving there as a Methodist minister for eleven years. His translation is still in use today.[30]

Turkish

The Bible was translated into Turkish by Wojciech Bobowski, a Polish convert to Islam, in the 17th century. It was known as the Kitabı Mukaddes ("Holy Book"). For many years it was the only Turkish Bible.

Following Atatürk's orthographic reforms in 1923, the Bible was rewritten in the new Latin alphabet. This project was completed in 1941.

However the Turkish authorities were determined to remove as many foreign words from Turkish as possible, consequentially the language underwent a dramatic transformation. In just sixty years, the language went through the equivalent of three hundred years of changes, thus many foreign words used in the Bible were no longer used. Because of this the United Bible Society and the Translation Trust joined together to produce a translation suited to the new language. This work would be called the Colloquial Version. The translators included Ali Simsek, Behnan Konutgan and Mahmud Solgun. The translation consultants included the Rev. Dr. Manuel Jinbachian and Dr. Krijn van der Jagt. In 1989 the New Testament was published, one journalist saying the work "flows like music." The complete Bible was dedicated on October 21, 2001.[31]

Translation John (Yuhanna) 3:16
Modern Translation (1989) Çünkü Tanrı dünyayı o kadar çok sevdi ki, biricik Oğlunu verdi. Öyle ki, O'na iman edenlerin hiçbiri mahvolmasın, ama hepsi sonsuz yaşama kavuşsun.

External links

Uyghur

Fragments of the Biblical texts dating from a very early time were found in Turpan. Probably translated by the Nestorians.

The first modern translating began in the late 1800s, when Johannes Avetaranian, a Turk working with the Swedish Missionary Society translated the New Testament into Uyghur. The gospels were published in 1898 by the British and Foreign Bible Society in Lepzig. Avetaranian had translated the whole New Testament, but couldn't get the British and Foreign Bible Society to print it all at once. He left Xinjiang, thinking it would be temporary, but never returned. In Avetaranian revised his Gospels, and in 1911, along with Acts they were published by the German Orient Mission, in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Gustaf Raquette, also with the Swedish Missionary Society, came to Plovdiv, Bulgaria, and worked together with Avetaranian on a revision of the New Testament translation. This revision was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1914.

Genesis in 1917, Job in 1921, and Psalms in 1923 were translated by other members of the Swedish Missionary Society, especially Oscar Andersson. The British and Foreign Bible Society also printed a revision of the New Testament, by Lars Erik Hogberg and G. Sauerwein in Cairo, in 1939.

George Hunter, of the China Inland Mission in Urumqi, translated Mark, published in 1920 by the Shanghai branch of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and Acts, published by them in 1922. 1 Samuel (a tentative edition) was published in Urumqi in 1917.

After the Swedes had been exiled from Xinjiang, Gustaf Ahlbert, Oskar Hermannson, Dr. Nur Luke (a Uyghur), Moulvi Munshi, and Moulvi Fazil, completed the translation of the Uyghur Bible in India. This, and a revision of the New Testament, was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1950, in Cairo.[32]

Modern Uyghur translations of the Bible are in progress.

External links

Vietnamese

  • 1926 Vietnamese Translation (VT), (Cadman)
  • 1934 Vietnamese Bible
  • 1995 Republication of the 1926 VT

Although, the Chu Quoc Ngu had been written in the 17th century, it took more than 250 years (1872) for Vietnamese Bibles to be translated for common teaching use in Vietnam. And in 1963 the Catholic officials published Vietnamese Bibles for the Vietnamese people's use.

A group of pastors are working to translate the Bible to Vietnamese using the English New International Version (NIV).

External links

Wakhi

The translation of the Bible into Wakhi has begun in Moscow.

The first publication of a biblical text into Wakhi, was an excerpt from the Gospel of Luke (2:1-20) in a book on the birth of Jesus in the 80 languages of the peoples of the CIS, (IBT, 2000. p. 68-69)

In 2001 the Institute for Bible Translation published 1,500 copies of Selections from Luke.

Translation Lord's Prayer, from Luke 11:2-4
Roman alphabet Yiso yavər x̆atəy: «Sayišt i dəo carəv, x̆anəv: „Ey bzыrgwor Tat ki də osmonət cəy! Ti bəzыrg nung bər olam ыmыt! Ləcər dəwroni Ti podšoyi ɣ̆at-ət, zəmin-ət zəmon də hыkmi taw ыmыt! Spo rыsq-ət rыzi sakər nəsib car! Cə spo gənoən šəxs! Sak bə kuy, ki sakər šakiɣ̆, cə kərk! kыx̆ter baxṣ̌əṣ̌ carən. Cə bandi nafs-ət awasən, Cə waswasayi Iblisən saki niga δыr!“»
Cyrillic alphabet Йисо йавəр х̌атəй: «Сайишт ҙи дəо царəв, х̌анəв: „Ей бзыргв̌ор Тат ки дə осмонəт цəй! Ти бəзырг нунг бəр олам ымыт! Лəцəр дəв̌рони Ти подшойи г̌ат-əт, зəмин-əт зəмон дə ҳыкми тав̌ ымыт! Спо рысқ-əт рызи сакəр нəсиб цар! Цə спо гəноəн шəхс! Сак бə куй, ки сакəр шакиг̌ цə кəрк! Кых̌тəр бахш̣əш̣ царəн. Цə банди нафс-əт ав̌асəн, Цə в̌асв̌асайи Иблисəн саки нига д̌ыр!“»

Wampanoag language

The Bible was translated into the Wampanoag language (now extinct) by John Eliot. It was published in the 1600's and is the first Bible to be printed in North America.

Welsh

Main article: Welsh Bible

The first translation of the Bible into Welsh was the New Testament translation of William Salesbury in 1567, closely followed by William Morgan's translation of the whole Bible in 1588. This occupies a similar place in the Welsh language to that of the King James Version in English. A new translation, y Beibl Cymraeg Newydd was published in 1988 by the Bible Society and has largely replaced the William Morgan translation. Y Beibl Cymraeg Newydd has recently been revised. Both versions are in very literary Welsh. A new translation in a more colloquial register is currently being undertaken by Arfon Jones of www.beibl.net

A revision of y Beibl Cymraeg Newydd (Revised New Welsh Bible) was released in March 2004.

Comparison

Translation John (Ioan) 3:16
Beibl William Morgan 1588 Canys felly y carodd Duw y byd fel y rhoddodd efe ei unig-anedig Fab, fel na choller pwy bynnag a gredo ynddo ef, ond caffael ohono fywyd tragwyddol.
Y Beibl Cymraeg Newydd 1988 Do, carodd Duw y byd gymaint nes iddo roi ei unig Fab, er mwyn i bob un sy'n credu ynddo ef beidio â mynd i ddistryw ond cael bywyd tragwyddol.

Zulu

In 1837, the first portion's of the Bible in the Zulu language were published, in the "First Book for Readers" portions of Genesis and two Psalms were published.

The first book of the Bible to be translated into the Zulu language was Matthew's Gospel, published in 1848 by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM). This was translated by George Champion, and revised by Newton Adams.

The completed New Testament was published in 1865, translated by a several missionaries of the ABCFM. And the complete Bible, translated also by many members of the ABCFM, and corrected by Andrew Abraham, and finally edited by S. C. Pixley was published in 1883.[33][34]

It was revised in 1959, and published in London by the British and Foreign Bible Society but it was still considered quite difficult to understand for the average Zulu person.

A Modern Zulu New Testament that is easier to understand, as well as the Psalms was completed in 1986 and published in Cape Town by the Bible Society of South Africa. This was translated by Dean Nils Joëlson, and project co-ordinated by, Mr. D. T. Maseko and Mr. K. Magubane. Work on the Old Testament is in progress, and should be completed around 2016.

External links

Zuñi

In 1906, Andrew VanderWagen translated the Gospel according to Mark. In the 1930s and 1940s, Wycliffe Bible Translators Carroll Whitener translated the Gospel according to John, as well as a few other portions of Scripture, with the help of Rev. George Yff and Rex Natewa.

After extensive study of the Zuñi language, and massive recordings of their folklore, and after creating a writing system that worked for their language, Curtis Cook translated the gospel of Mark (published in 1970) and Acts into the Zuñi language.[35] Cook's chief language helper was Lorenzo Chavez[36]

References

  1. ^ http://www.wycliffe.org/Explore/WhoWeAre/History/CameronTownsend/BibleTranslationDay.aspx
  2. ^ "The Bible in the Renaissance - William Tyndale". Dom Henry Wansbrough. http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sben0056/Tyndale.London.htm. 
  3. ^ Foster, Biography of Se-Quo-Yah, p. 120
  4. ^ Early Bibles of America, by John Wright, pg. 278
  5. ^ Eric North, Eugene Nida, The Book of a Thousand Tongues, United Bible Societies, 1972
  6. ^ Early Bibles of America: Being a Descriptive Account of Bibles Published in the United States by John Wright
  7. ^ Eric North, Eugene Nida, The Book of a Thousand Tongues, United Bible Societies, 1972
  8. ^ http://worldcat.org/oclc/13025593
  9. ^ The Cherokee Bible on Wikisource
  10. ^ The Centennial History of the American Bible Society By Henry Otis Dwight, pg. 359
  11. ^ Robert H. Countess, The Jehovah's Witnesses' New Testament: a Critical Analysis of the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures (2nd ed. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian and Reformed Pub. Co., 1987)
  12. ^ Bruce M. Metzger, "The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures." The Bible Translator 15/3 (July 1964), pp. 150-153
  13. ^ Bruce M. Metzger, "The Jehovah's Witnesses and Jesus Christ: A Biblical and Theological Appraisal." Theology Today 10 (1953): 65-85
  14. ^ Raymond V. Franz, Crisis of Conscience (Atlanta: Commentary Press, 1983). Contains a number of interesting remarks on the New World Translation
  15. ^ a b c Information gathered by Wikipedia user Hoshie based off a phone call to Jacquelyn Sapiie, Supervisor of Library Services at the American Bible Society on January 14, 2004.
  16. ^ G. W. Hunter, Examples of Various Turki Dialects, Tihwafu Sinkiang, China: China Inland Mission, 1918
  17. ^ T H Darlow & Horace Frederick Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society.
  18. ^ Eric North (ed), revised by Eugene Nida, Book of a Thousand Tongues, pg. 230.
  19. ^ ibid, pg 224
  20. ^ Mildred Cable, George Hunter: Apostle of Turkestan
  21. ^ http://www.biblesociety.org/wr_387/387_14.htm
  22. ^ http://www.biblesociety.org.nz/bsnz/translation.htm
  23. ^ God Speaks Navajo, by Ethel Walls -- pg. 67
  24. ^ God Speaks Navajo, by Ethel Walls -- ch. 16
  25. ^ History of Bible in Norway (in Norwegian)
  26. ^ http://www.martynmission.cam.ac.uk/CSKim.htm
  27. ^ http://www.worldscriptures.org/pages/persian.html
  28. ^ http://www.ibs.org/bibles/russian/index.php
  29. ^ http://www.biblegateway.com/versions/?action=getVersionInfo&vid=44
  30. ^ http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A050351b.htm
  31. ^ http://www.biblesociety.org/sr_27/sr27_16.htm
  32. ^ Book of a Thousand Tongues
  33. ^ Faith and Narrative by Keith E. Yandell, pg. 27
  34. ^ The Zulu Yesterday and To-day: Twenty-nine Years in South Africa by Gertrude Rachel Hance, pg. 45
  35. ^ http://story.arizonaherald.com/p.x/ct/9/id/86e981acd40b0ee7/cid/085cec8e58ce1f5a/
  36. ^ http://www.strategicnetwork.org/index.php?loc=kb&view=v&id=17201&fto=2786&


This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Bible translations by language.
The list of authors can be seen in the page history. The text of this Wikinfo article is available under the GNU Free Documentation License and the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license.

English | Română | edit

Retrieved from "http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Bible_translations_by_language"