Latin
From Wikinfo
- Alternate meanings: See Latin (disambiguation)
Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. It gained great importance as the formal language of the Roman Empire.
All Romance languages descend from a Latin parent, and many words based on Latin are found in other modern languages such as English. Moreover, Latin was a lingua franca, the learned language for scientific and political affairs, for more than a thousand years, being eventually replaced by French in the 18th century and English in the late 19th. It remains the formal language of the Roman Catholic Church to this day, which includes being the official national language of the Vatican.
Up to World War 1, scholastic Latin was also the main professional language in some exact sciences e.g. in medicine, veterine, pharmacy, and zoology; now it persisted there only in related Latin nomenclature. An actual exception is Botany where Latin strongly persisted for 2 millenia to nowadays as the official scientific language; so new original discoveries in plants for their recognizing and authorizing must be published in Latin, or at least with an added Latin summary (otherwise are neglected as laymen popular texts).
Latin has an extensive flectional system, which mainly operates by appending endings to a fixed stem. Inflection of nouns and adjectives is termed "declension", that of verbs, "conjugation". There are five declensions of nouns, and four conjugations for verbs. The six noun forms (or "cases") are nominative (used for subjects), genitive (show possession), dative (indirect objects), accusative (direct objects), ablative (used with some prepositions), and vocative (used to address someone). In addition, there exists in some nouns a locative case used to express place (normally expressed by the ablative with a preposition such as IN), but this hold-over from Indo-European is only found in the names of lakes, cities, towns, similar locales, and a few other words.
Romance languages are not derived from Classical Latin but rather from Vulgar Latin. Latin and Romance differ (for example) in that Romance had distinctive stress whereas Latin had distinctive length of vowels. In Italian and Sardo logudorese, there is distinctive length of consonants and stress, in Spanish only distinctive stress, and in French even stress is no longer distinctive. Another major distinction between Romance and Latin is that Romance languages, excluding Romanian, have lost their case endings in most words (some pronouns being exceptions). Romanian is still equipped with several cases (though some, notably the ablative, are no longer represented).
Some flectional Slavic languages were also less or more influenced by the medieval Latin templates, chiefly the southwestern ones as Slovenian and Croatian; there Latin persisted as official public language up to early 19th century, being in close contact with Romance countries. In the Croatian principality (of Austrian Empire), Latin persisted as official public language up to 1848, including work of regional parliament, laws publishing, school teaching, and Latin journals (e.g. Ephemerides Zagrebienses). Especially the coastal Chakavian dialect of Adriatic islanders and peninsular Istrians includes 1/3 to 1/2 of its glossary from Vulgar Latin (via medieval Old-Dalmatian and Venetian), and many of its grammar and syntax patterns are copied from Latin templates in a semi-Slavic context, presenting really a Slavic-Romance hybrid: see Croatian topics, and details in Adriatic-Chakavian Wiki.
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Latin and English
English grammar is not a direct derivative of Latin grammar. Attempts to make English grammar fit Latin rules -- such as the contrived prohibition against the split infinitive -- have not worked successfully in regular usage. However, as many as half the words in English come to us through Latin, including many words of Greek origin, not to mention the thousands of French, Spanish, and Italian words of Latin origin that have also enriched English.
- Latin phonemes
- Latin declension
- Latin conjugation
- Latin lexicon
- List of Latin phrases
- Compound verbs in English consisting of Latin prefix and Latin verb
See also
- Latin topics
- Latin literature
- Latin proverbs
- List of Latin phrases
- Brocards
- Roman Empire
- Living Latin
- Vulgar Latin
- Latin names of European cities
- Latin names of European rivers
- Croatia Latina
External links
- The Perseus Project has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including an interactive Latin dictionary.
- Ethnologue report for Latin
- Free online course in Latin
- Vicipaedia Latina (Latin Wikipedia)
References
- Adapted from the Wikipedia article, "Latin" http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin July 25, 2003, here partly completed and enlarged
