List of republics
From Wikinfo
There are three different definitions of the word republic. This list of republics includes all the meanings of republic; Classical republics, Democratic republics and modern republics.
Contents |
Classical republics
- Doric Greek city-states on Crete
- Sparta
- Athens Only under Solon and the reforms of Cleisthenes.
- Carthage (c. 3rd century BCE)
- Roman Republic (c. 509 – 27 BCE) and many other Italian cities.
- Venice (c. 9th century - 1797)
- Commonwealth of England
Democratic republics
Republics (modern usage)
Antiquity
- Licchavi (c. 600 BCE - 400 CE)
Middle Ages and Renaissance
- Novgorod Republic (1136 – 1478)
- Genoa (c. 1100 – 1797)
- Iceland (930 – 1262)
- Siena (1167 – 1557)
- Netherlands (1581 – 1795)
- Florence (1115 – 1537)
- San Marino (301 – present)
- Pisa (11th century – 1406, 1494 – 1509)
- Amalfi (839 – 1131)
- Ragusa (14th century – 1808)
- Córdoba
Enlightenment and later
In modern usage, a republican form of government is applied loosely to any state which claims this designation. [1] So for example the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein and the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under Joseph Stalin. The Kingdom of Sweden (which in 2006 ranked highest in the Economist's index of democracy) [2] is not a republic, but the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea (which ranks lowest in the same survey) is.
Unitary republics
Unitary republics are unitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature.
- Afghanistan (republic since 1973)
- Albania (since 1946)
- Algeria
- Bangladesh
- Benin
- Bolivia
- Botswana
- Bulgaria (since 1946)
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi (since 1966)
- Cameroon (unitary republic 1960-1961 and 1972-present; federal republic 1961-1972)
- Cape Verde
- Central African Republic (1958-1976; restored 1979)
- Chad
- Chile
- People's Republic of China
- Colombia (unitary republic since 1886)
- Congo (Brazzaville)
- Congo (Kinshasa)
- Costa Rica
- Côte d'Ivoire
- Croatia
- Cuba
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Djibouti
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic (1801-1861, 1865-present)
- East Timor
- Ecuador
- Egypt (since 1953)
- El Salvador (1821-present)
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Estonia (1921-1940; 1991-present)
- Fiji Islands (since 1987)
- Finland
- French Republic (1st: 1792-1804; 2nd: 1848-1852; 3rd: 1870-1940; 4th: 1945-1958 and 5th, since 1958)
- Gabon
- Gambia (since 1970)
- Georgia
- Ghana (since 1960)
- Greece (since 1973)
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Guyana (since 1970) is a "Co-operative Republic"
- Haiti (1806-1849; restored 1859)
- Honduras
- Hungary (since 1946)
- Iceland (republic since 1944)
- Indonesia (Unitary republic since August 1950)
- Iran (since 1979)
- Iraq (since 1958)
- Ireland (republic since 1949)
- Israel
- Italian Social Republic (1943 - 1945)
- Italy (since 1946)
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya (since 1964)
- Kiribati
- Kyrgyzstan
- Laos (since 1975)
- Latvia
- Lebanon
- Liberia
- Libya (since 1969)
- Lithuania
- Lokot Republic (1941-1943)
- Macedonia
- Madagascar
- Malawi (since 1966)
- Maldives (since 1968)
- Mali (since 1960)
- Malta (since 1974)
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritania
- Mauritius (since 1992)
- Moldova
- Mongolia (since 1924)
- Montenegro (since 1944)
- Mozambique
- Namibia
- Nauru
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- North Korea (since 1948)
- Pakistan (since 1956)
- Palau
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Portugal (since 1910)
- Rhodesia (1970-1979)
- Romania (since 1947)
- Rwanda (since 1961)
- Samoa (since 2007)
- San Marino qualifies itself as the "Most Serene Republic"
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- Senegal
- Serbia (since 1944)
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone (since 1971)
- Singapore (since 1965)
- Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Somalia
- South Africa (since 1961)
- South Korea (since 1948)
- Spain (Twice: First Spanish Republic (1873–1874), Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939))
- Sri Lanka (since 1972)
- Sudan
- Suriname
- Syria
- Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Tajikistan
- Tanzania
- Togo
- Trinidad and Tobago (since 1976)
- Tunisia (since 1957)
- Turkey (republic since 1923)
- Turkmenistan
- Uganda (since 1963)
- Ukraine
- Uruguay is the "Eastern Republic".
- Uzbekistan
- Vanuatu
- Vietnam
- Yemen
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
Federal republics
Federal republics are federal states in which the administrative divisions (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government.
- Argentina
- Austria
- Brazil (since November 15th, 1889)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1995)
- Federal Republic of Cameroon (1961-1972)
- Commonwealth of England (1649-1653)
- Czechoslovakia (1969-1992)
- Ethiopia (unitary republic 1974-1994; federal republic since 1994)
- Germany (since 1918)
- Republic of Colombia (1819-1886), known as Great Colombia from 1819 to 1831, when it included present-day Ecuador, Venezuela, and Panama.
- India (since January 26, 1950)
- United States of Indonesia (1945-1950)
- Mexico (since 1917)
- Nigeria (1963-66:1st Republic, 1979-83: 2nd Republic, 1993: 3rd Republic, 1999-present: 4th Republic)
- Pakistan (since March 23, 1956); Declaration of the Islamic Republic
- Russian Federation
- Swiss Confederation (since 1848
- Union of Myanmar
- United Provinces of Central America (1823-1840)
- United States of America (since 1789)
- Venezuela
- Yugoslavia (1945-2003)
Confederal republics
Confederal republics are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defence and foreign affairs:
- Confederate States of America (1861 - 1865)
- Serbia and Montenegro (2003 – 2006)
- Switzerland (circa 1291 - 1848, except for the Helvetic Republic phase, 1798 - 1803)
- United States (under the Articles of Confederation, 1776 – 1789)
- United Pakistan (Old Pakistan) (Unofficial) (1962 - 1970)
Arab Republics
- Egypt
- Syria is the "Arab Republic" reflecting its theoretically pan-Arab Ba'athist government.
- Yemen
Islamic Republics
Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law:
- Afghanistan
- Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1970)
- Islamic Republic of Iran (since Iranian Revolution)
- Islamic Republic of Mauritania
Democratic Republics
These are republics which use the word "democratic" in their official name. Their actual political systems can be very different, and some are, arguably, neither democratic nor republics at all.
- People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
- Democratic Republic of Congo
- East Timor
- Ethiopia
- German Democratic Republic (1949-1990)
- Laos
- North Korea
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- Sri Lanka
Socialist Republics
These are republics which use the word "socialist" in their official name. Their actual economic systems can be very different, and some are arguably not socialist at all.
- Albania(1976-1990}
- Libya
- Sri Lanka
- Vietnam
- Romania (1965-1989)
- Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
People's Republics
Meant to be governed by the people, this name is most often (but not always) used by communist states.
- People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
- Bangladesh
- People's Republic of China
- Laos
- North Korea
- Libya
Former People's Republics:
- Hungary (1949–1989)
- Mongolia (1924–1992)
- Albania (1946–1976)
- Bulgaria (1946–1990)
- Romania (1947–1965)
- Poland (1952–1989)
- South Yemen (1967–1970)
- Benin (1975–1990)
- Congo (1970–1992)
- Mozambique (1975–1990)
- Angola (1975–1992)
- Ethiopia (1987–1991)
References
- ^ Republic, Oxford English Dictionary, SECOND EDITION 1989
- ^ Laza Kekic, The Economist Intelligence Units Index of democracy, The Economist: The World in 2007
Attribution
- Adapted from the Wikipedia article, List of republics , used under the GNU Free Documentation License.
