Literary theory

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Literary theory begins with classical Greek poetics and rhetoric and includes, since the 18th century, aesthetics and hermeneutics. In the 20th century, it has become an umbrella term for a variety of scholarly approaches to reading texts.

Specific theories are distinguished not only by their methods and conclusions, but even by how they define "text." For many, "texts" means "literary (i.e. 'high' art) texts" (see literature). But different principles and methods of literary theory have been applied to non-fiction, pop fiction, film, historical documents, law, advertising, etc. In fact, some theories (e.g. structuralism) treat cultural events like fashion, football, riots, etc. as "texts."

There are many popular schools of literary theory, which take different approaches to understanding texts (which can also mean non-fiction, film, and practically anything else that can be 'read' or interpreted). Most actual theorists combine methods of more than one approach. Schools that have been historically important include new criticism, formalism and structuralism, post-structuralism, marxism, feminism, new historicism, deconstruction, reader-response criticism, and psychoanalytic criticism.

Hermeneutics: Friedrich Schleiermacher, Wilhelm Dilthey, Hans-Georg Gadamer,
Marxism: Georg Lukacs, Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin, Raymond Williams, Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson
Psychoanalytic criticism: Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan
Russian Formalism: Victor Shklovsky, Vladimir Propp
New Criticism: John Crowe Ransom, Cleanth Brooks, Robert Penn Warren
Structuralism: Roman Jakobson, [[Claude L�vi-Strauss]], the early Roland Barthes, Jurij Lotman
Post-structuralism: Michel Foucault, Julia Kristeva, the late Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze and [[F�lix Guattari]]
Deconstruction: Jacques Derrida, Paul de Man
Reader-response criticism: Wolfgang Iser, Hans-Robert Jauss
Feminism: Luce Irigaray, [[H�l�ne Cixous]], Elaine Showalter
Queer theory: Judith Butler, Eve Sedgewick
New historicism: Stephen Greenblatt
Cultural studies: Stuart Hall
Other: Maurice Blanchot, Harold Bloom, Erich Auerbach, Robert Graves, Alamgir Hashmi, Stanley Fish, Edward Said

History

The practice of literary theory became a profession in the 20th century, but it has historical roots that run as far back as ancient Greece (Longinus' On the Sublime is an often cited early example as is Aristotle's Poetics). Philosophers throughout the ages have commented on the nature of literature and of interpretation. So, in many ways, literary theory can be seen as a sub-school of philosophy as well as of literary history.

Differences between the Schools

For some schools (especially formalism), the distinction between 'literary' and other sorts of texts is of paramount importance. Other schools (particuarly post-structuralism in its various forms: new historicism, deconstruction, some strains of Marxism and feminism) have sought to break down distinctions between the two and have applied the tools of textual interpretation to a wide range of 'texts', including film, non-fiction, historical writing, and even cultural events.

Another crucial distinction among the various schools is the amount of weight given to the author's own opinions about and intentions for a work. For historicism (and, in general, for most pre-20th century approaches) the author's intentions are the guiding factor and an important determiner of the 'correct' interpretation of texts. The New Criticism was the first school to disavow the role of the author in interpreting texts, preferring to focus on "the text itself". In fact, as much contention as there is between formalism and later schools, they share the tenet that the author's interpretation of a work is no more inherently meaningful than any other.

In many contexts, the terms 'literary criticism' and 'literary theory' are interchangeable. Both concern determining meaning in literary texts.