Marshal of France
From Wikinfo
[[fr:Mar�chal de France]]
The title of Marshal of France (Mar�chal de France) was created by Philippe Auguste for Alb�ric Cl�ment (circa 1190). It latter became a distinction and takes precedence above the constable, which was originally an office above the marshal. Up to 1791, there were 256 Marshals of France. This title was abolished by the National Convention in 1793.
During the First French Empire, there were Empire marshals. Under the Restauration, Empire marshals were reverted to Marshals of France and [[Napol�on III]] kept the name unchanged.
The last Marshal of France was De Lattre de Tassigny. His widow kept his title and privileges until her death in 2003. In France, Marshal is a military distinction, not a military rank. Its symbol, the marshal baton, is a blue cylinder with stars (formerly fleur-de-lis).
Some Marshals of France
- [[Alb�ric Cl�ment]] (circa 1190) - first Marshal of France
- Gilles de Rais (1404-1440) - 1329
- Anne de Montmorency (1492-1567) - 1522
- Henri Ier de Montmorency (1534-1614) - 1567
- Henri II de Montmorency (1595-1632) - 1630
- Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne (1611-1675) - 1660
- [[Pierre Fran�ois Charles Augereau]] (1757-1816) - 1804
- Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte (1763-1844) - 1804
- Louis Alexandre Berthier (1753-1815) - 1804
- [[Jean-Baptiste Bessi�res]] (1768-1813) - 1804
- Guillaume Brune (1763-1815) - 1804
- Louis Nicolas Davout (1770-1823) - 1804
- Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (1762-1833) - 1804
- [[Fran�ois Christophe Kellermann]] (1735-1820) - 1804
- Jean Lannes (1769-1809) - 1804
- [[Fran�ois Joseph Lefebvre]] (1755-1820) - 1804
- [[Andr� Mass�na]] (1756-1817) - 1804
- Bon Adrien Jeannot de Moncey (1754-1842) - 1804
- [[�douard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier]] (1768-1835) - 1804
- Joachim Murat (1767-1815) - May 18 1804
- Michel Ney (1769-1815) - 1804
- Dominique Catherine (1754-1818) - 1804
- Jean Matthieu Philibert (1742-1819) - 1804
- Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult (1769-1851) - 1804
- Claude Perrin Victor (1764-1841) - 1807
- Etienne Macdonald (1765-1840) - July 6 1809
- [[Auguste Fr�d�ric Louis Viesse de Marmont]] (1774-1852) - 1809
- Nicolas Charles Oudinot (1767-1847) - 1809
- Louis Gabriel Suchet (1770-1826) - 1811
- Laurent, Marquis de Gouvion Saint-Cyr (1764-1830) - 1812
- [[J�zef Antoni Poniatowski]] (1763-1813) - 1813
- Jean Victor Moreau (1763-1813) - 1814 (posthumous)
- Georges Cadoudal (1771-1804) - 1814 (posthumous)
- [[Aimable Jean Jacques P�lissier]] (1794-1864) - 1851
- Jean-Isidore Harispe - (1768-1855) December 11 1851
- Jean-Baptiste Vaillant - (1790-1862) - December 11 1851
- Boniface de Castellane - (1788-1862) - December 2 1852
- Bernard Pierre Magnan (1791-1865) - December 2 1852
- Armand Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud (1801-1854) - December 2 1852
- Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers - (1795-1878) - August 28 1854
- [[Aimable Jean Jacques P�lissier]] (1794-1864) - September 12 1855
- Pierre Jean Bosquet (1810-1861) - March 18 1856
- [[Fran�ois Certain Canrobert]] (1809-1895) - March 18 1856
- Jacques Louis Randon (1795-1871) - March 18 1856
- Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon (1808-1898) - 5 juin 1859
- Adolphe Niel (1802-1869) - June 25 1859
- Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angely (1794-1870) - June 5 1859
- Philippe Antoine d'Ornano (1784-1863) - April 2 1861
- [[�lie Fr�d�ric Forey]] (1804-1872) - July 2 1863
- [[Achille Fran�ois Bazaine]] (1811-1888) - September 5 1864
- [[Edmond Le B�uf]] (1809-1888) - March 24 1870
- Joseph Jacques C�saire Joffre (1852-1931) - December 25 1916
- [[Philippe P�tain]] (1856-1951) - 1918
- Ferdinand Foch (1851-1929) - 1918
- [[�mile Fayolle]] (1852-1928) - 1921
- [[Louis F�lix Marie Franchet d'Esperey]] (1856-1942) - 1921
- Joseph Simon Gallieni (1849-1916) - 1921 (posthumous)
- Louis Hubert Gonzalve Lyautey (1854-1934) - 1921
- Joseph Maunoury (1847-1923) - 1923 (posthumous)
- Jean-Marie de Lattre de Tassigny (1889-1952) - 1952 (posthumous)
- Alphonse Juin (1888-1967) - 1952
- Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque (1902-1947) - August 23 1952
- Marie Pierre Kœnig (1898-1970) - 1984 (posthumous)
References
- Adapted from the Wikipedia article, "Marshal_of_France" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_France, used under the GNU Free Documentation License

