Montreal, Quebec (part 2)

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See Montreal, Quebec (part 1).

Contents

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Montreal

According to Statistics Canada, at the 2006 Canadian census the city of Montreal proper had 1,620,693 inhabitants.[1] However, 3,635,571 lived in the Montreal Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) at the same 2006 census, up from 3,451,027 at the 2001 census (within 2006 CMA boundaries), which means a population growth of +1.05% per year between 2001 and 2006.[2] In the 2006 census, children under 14 years of age (621,695) constituted 17.1 percent, while inhabitants over 65 years of age (495,685) numbered 13.6 percent of the total population.[1] People of European ethnicities formed the largest cluster of ethnic groups in Montreal, mostly of French, Italian, Irish, and English origins.[3] Some 26 percent of the population of Montreal and 16.5 percent of Greater Montreal are members of a visible minority (non-white) group.[4] Black Canadians contribute to the largest visible minority group in greater Montreal, numbering some 169,065 or 4.7%, which is the second-largest community of African-origin people in Canada, after Toronto.[4] Other groups, such as Arabs, Latin American, South Asian, and Chinese are also large in number.

According to a recently published report by the city of Montreal, the island is expected to number 1,991,200 by 2012, with 3,950,300+ in the Greater Montreal Area, an increase of 15.8% over 2001.[5]

Visible minorities are defined by the Canadian Employment Equity Act as "persons, other than Aboriginals, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour."[6]

Island of Montreal: Population by year
1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 1996 2001 2006
1,003,868[7] 1,116,800[7] 1,320,232[7] 1,747,696[8] 1,959,180[8] 1,760,122[8] 1,775,871[8] 1,775,846[9]
 1,812,723[10]
 1,854,442[10]
Language most spoken at home
in the Montreal metropolitan area (CMA)
1996[11] 2001[12] 2006[13]
French 71.2% 72.1% 70.5%
English 19.4% 18.5% 18.5%
Other language 13.4% 13.1% 14.6%
Note that percentages add up to more than 100% because
some people speak two or more languages at home.

In terms of mother tongue language (first language learned), the 2006 census reported that in the Greater Montreal Area, 66.5% spoke French as a first language, followed by English at 13.2%, while 0.8% spoke both as a first language.[14] The remaining 22.5% of Montreal-area residents are allophones, speaking languages including Italian (3.5%), Arabic (3.1%), Spanish (2.6%), Creole (predominantly of Haitian origin) (1.4%), Chinese (1.2%), Greek (1.2%), Portuguese (0.9%), Romanian (0.7%), Vietnamese (0.7%), and Russian (0.5%).[14] In terms of additional languages spoken, a unique feature of Montreal throughout Canada, noted by Statistics Canada, is the working knowledge of both French and English by most of its residents.

The Greater Montreal Area is overwhelmingly Roman Catholic, however, church attendance in Quebec is among the lowest in Canada.[15] Historically Montreal has been a centre of Catholicism in North America with its numerous seminaries and churches, including the Notre-Dame Basilica, the Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde, and Saint Joseph's Oratory. Some 84.6 percent of the total population is Christian,[16] largely Roman Catholic (74.5%), which is largely due to French, Italian and Irish origins. Protestants which include Anglican, United Church, Lutheran and other denominations number 7.0%, with a further 3.0% consisting mostly of Orthodox Christians, fuelled by a large Greek population. Due to the large number of non-European cultures, there is a diversity of non-Christian religions. Islam is the largest non-Christian group, with some 100,185 members, the second-largest concentration of Muslims in Canada, constituting 3%.[16] The Jewish community in Montreal has a population of 88,765.[16] In cities such as Côte-Saint-Luc and Hampstead, Jewish people constitute the majority,[17][18] or a substantial part of the population. As recently as 1971 the Jewish community in Greater Montreal was as high as 109,480.[8] Political and economic uncertainties led many to leave Montreal and the province of Quebec.[19]

Government

Image:Split-arrows.gif
  It was suggested on Wikipedia that this article be split into articles entitled Template:Pagelist, accessible from a disambiguation page. (Discuss)
File:Montreal2006.png
The Urban Agglomeration of Montreal

The head of the city government in Montreal is the mayor, who is first among equals in the City Council. The mayor is Gérald Tremblay, who is a member of the Union des citoyens et des citoyennes de l'Île de Montréal (English: Montreal Island Citizens Union). The city council is a democratically elected institution and is the final decision-making authority in the city, although much power is centralized in the executive committee. The Council consists of 73 members from all boroughs of the city.[20] The Council has jurisdiction over many matters, including public security, agreements with other governments, subsidy programs, the environment, urban planning, and a three-year capital expenditure program. The City Council is also required to supervise, standardize or approve certain decisions made by the borough councils.

Reporting directly to the City Council, the executive committee exercises decision-making powers similar to that of the cabinet in a parliamentary system and is responsible for preparing various documents including budgets and by-laws, submitted to the City Council for approval. The decision-making powers of the executive committee cover, in particular, the awarding of contracts or grants, the management of human and financial resources, supplies and buildings. It may also be assigned further powers by the City Council.

Standing committees are the council's prime instruments for public consultation. They are responsible for the public study of pending matters and for making the appropriate recommendations to the council. They also review the annual budget forecasts for departments under their jurisdiction. A public notice of meeting is published in both French and English daily newspapers at least seven days before each meeting. All meetings include a public question period. The standing committees, of which there are seven, have terms lasting two years. In addition, the City Council may decide to create special committees at any time. Each standing committee is made up of seven to nine members, including a chairman and a vice-chairman. The members are all elected municipal officers, with the exception of a representative of the government of Quebec on the public security committee.

The city of Montreal is only one component of the larger Communauté Métropolitaine de Montréal (English: Montreal Metropolitan Community or MMC), which is in charge of planning, coordinating, and financing economic development, public transportation, garbage collection and waste management, etc., across the metropolitan area of Montreal. The president of the CMM is the mayor of Montreal. The CMM covers 4,360 square kilometres (1,683 sq mi), with 3.6 million inhabitants in 2006.[21]

See also: Boroughs of Montreal and Montreal City Council

Education

Main article: Education in Montreal
File:Mcgill University (Arts Buildings, closeup).jpg
McGill University, Arts Building.
File:Concordia EV Building.jpg
Concordia University's Integrated Engineering, Computer Science and Visual Arts Complex.

With access to six universities and twelve junior colleges in an 8 kilometre (5 mi) radius, Montreal has the highest concentration of post-secondary students of all major cities in North America (4.38 students per 100 residents, followed by Boston at 4.37 students per 100 residents).[22]

There are two anglophone universities in the city:

There are also two francophone universities located in the city of Montreal:

Additionally, two French-language universities, Université de Sherbrooke and Université Laval have campuses in the nearby suburb of Longueuil on Montreal's south shore.

The education system in the province of Quebec is slightly different from other systems in North America. Between the high school and university levels, there is an additional college level called CEGEP. It is at the same time a preparatory school (preparing students for admission to university) and a technical school (offering courses which lead to technical diplomas and specializations). In Montreal, seventeen CEGEPs offer courses in French and five in English.

English-language elementary and secondary public schools on Montreal Island are operated by the English Montreal School Board[27] and the Lester B. Pearson School Board.[28] French-language elementary and secondary public schools in Montreal are operated by the Commission scolaire de Montréal (CSDM),[29] Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys (CSMB)[30] and the Commission scolaire Pointe-de-l'Île (CSPI).[31]

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Montreal

Montreal is a transportation hub for eastern Canada, with well-developed air, road, rail, and maritime links to the rest of Canada, as well as the United States and Europe.

Air

File:Aéroport international Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau de Montréal 2.JPG
Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport

Montreal has two international airports, one for passenger flights only, and the other for cargo. Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (also known as Dorval Airport) in the City of Dorval serves all commercial passenger traffic and is the headquarters for Air Canada[32] and Air Transat.[33] To the north of the city is Montréal-Mirabel International Airport in Mirabel, which was envisioned as Montreal's primary airport but which now serves only cargo flights.[34] In 2006, Montreal-Trudeau was the third busiest airport in Canada by passenger traffic, behind Toronto Pearson and Vancouver. It was fourth in aircraft movements, behind Toronto Pearson, Vancouver and Calgary. It handled 12,407,934 passengers[35] in 2007 and 213,483 aircraft movements[36] in 2006 and with 59% of its passengers being on non-domestic flights it has the largest percentage of international flights of any Canadian airport.[35] Trudeau airport serves over 100 destinations worldwide making it one of the most connected airports in North America. Airlines servicing Trudeau offer flights to Africa, Central America, the Caribbean, Europe, the United States, Mexico and other destinations within Canada. It is the only Canadian airport that offers non-stop service to Africa and it also contains the largest duty free shop in North America.[37]

Rail

VIA Rail, which is headquartered in Montreal, provides rail service to other cities in Canada, particularly to Quebec City and Toronto with several trains daily on its Quebec City-Windsor Corridor. Amtrak, the U.S. national passenger rail system, also provides service to Montreal, operating its Adirondack daily between Montreal and New York City. All intercity trains and most commuter trains operate out of Central Station. The rest of the commuter trains operate out of the Lucien-L'Allier Station or at Parc metro station. Some of the trains ending their route at Parc metro station have a Trainbus which is an express bus that links downtown Montreal to the station. The bus's schedule is synchronized to the train's departures.

File:Montreal-metro.jpg Public local transport is served by a network of buses, subways, and commuter trains that extend across and off the island. The subway and bus system is operated by the Société de transport de Montréal. The commuter rail system is managed and operated by the Agence métropolitaine de transport, and extends across several municipalities.

Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), which is now headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, was founded here in 1881.[38] Its corporate headquarters occupied Windsor Station at 910 Peel Street until 1995.[39] With the Port of Montreal kept open year round by icebreakers, lines to Eastern Canada became surplus, and now Montreal is the railway's eastern and intermodal freight terminus.[40] CPR connects at Montreal with the Port of Montreal, the Delaware & Hudson Railway to New York, the Quebec-Gatineau Railway to Quebec City and Buckingham, the Montreal, Maine & Atlantic to Halifax, and CN Rail. The CPR's flagship train, The Canadian, once ran daily from Windsor Station to Vancouver, all passenger services have since been transferred to VIA Rail Canada, although CPR operates certain AMT trains under contract to the Quebec government.

Montreal-based Canadian National Railways (CN) was formed during in 1919 by the Canadian Government following a series of country-wide rail bankruptcies. CN was formed from the lines of the Grand Trunk, Midland and Canadian Northern Railways, and has risen to become CPR's chief rival in freight carriage in Canada.[41] Like the CPR, CN has divested itself of passenger services in favour of VIA Rail Canada.[42] CN operates the electric Mont Royal AMT line under contract to the Government of Quebec.

Mass transit

File:GuimardMon.JPG
Metropolitan entrance to Square-Victoria station by Hector Guimard.

The STM bus network consists of 165 daytime and 20 night-time service routes, and provides adapted transport and limited wheelchair-accessible buses.[43]

Montreal's Metro was inaugurated in 1966 and today has 68 stations spread out along its four lines.[44] Each station was designed by different architects with individual themes and features original artwork, and the trains themselves run on rubber tires, making the system quieter than most.[45] The project was initiated by Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau, who would later bring the Summer Olympic Games to Montreal in 1976. The metro system has long had a station on the South Shore in Longueuil, and has only recently been extended to the city of Laval, north of Montreal with 3 new stations.[46]

Road

See also: Montreal roads
See also: List of bridges in Montreal
See also: List of crossings of the Rivière des Prairies
File:JCBridge.JPG
Jacques Cartier Bridge.

Like many major cities, Montreal has a problem with vehicular traffic congestion, especially from off-island suburbs such as Laval on Île Jésus, and Longueuil on the south shore. The width of the Saint Lawrence River has made the construction of fixed links to the south shore expensive and difficult. There are only four road bridges along with one road tunnel, two railway bridges, and a metro line. The far narrower Rivière des Prairies, separating Montreal from Laval, is spanned by eight road bridges (six to Laval and two directly to the north shore).

The island of Montreal is a hub for the Québec Autoroute system, and is served by Québec Autoroutes A-10 (known as the Bonaventure Expressway on the island of Montreal), A-15 (aka the Decarie Expressway south of the A-40 and the Laurentian Autoroute to the north of it), A-13 (aka Autoroute Chomedey), A-20, A-25, A-40 (part of the Trans-Canada Highway system, and known as "The Metropolitan" or simply "The Met" in its elevated mid-town section), A-520, and A-720 (aka the Ville-Marie Autoroute). Many of these Autoroutes are frequently congested at rush hour. However, in recent years, the government has acknowledged this problem and is working on long-term solutions to alleviate the congestion. One such example is the extension of Quebec Autoroute 30 on Montreal's south shore, which will serve as a bypass.[47]

Saint Lawrence Boulevard, also known as "The Main," divides Montreal into east and west sectors. Streets that cut across Saint Laurent Boulevard undergo a name change, in that Est or Ouest are appended to their names. Streets that do not cross the Main do not generally contain a cardinal direction at the end of their names.[48]

Since Montreal is on an island, the directions used in the city plan do not precisely correspond with compass directions, as they are oriented to the geography of the island. North and south are defined on an axis roughly perpendicular to the St. Lawrence River and the Rivière des Prairies: North is towards the Rivière des Prairies, and south is towards the St. Lawrence. East (downstream) and west (upstream) directions are defined as roughly parallel to the St. Lawrence River and the Rivière des Prairies, despite the fact that both rivers flow from the southwest to the northeast.

The City of Montreal will begin a city-wide rollout of rental bicycles in 2008, in an effort to encourage locals and tourists to make use of the city's already well-established network of bike paths.[49] The rental bicycles will be available from depots located throughout the city, where bikes can be rented from automated stations using a credit card.[50] The Public Bike System[51] - as the official municipal entity will be known - estimates that by 2009, 2,400 bicycles will be deployed at 300 depots throughout the metro area.[52] Time Magazine named the bike rental system #19 in Time's Top 50 Inventions of 2008.[53] Bike rentals are also available at the Old Port of Montreal, as well as quadricycles, inline skates, children trailers, and segways.

Partner cities

Montreal has partnership, twin or sister city agreements with the following cities:

Country City County / District / Region / State Date
Flag of Armenia Armenia File:Yerevan flag.gif Yerevan File:Yerevan coa.gif Yerevan 1998[54]
Flag of the People's Republic of China China Shanghai Shanghai 1985[55]
Flag of France France File:Flag of Lyon.png Lyon File:RA flag.png Rhône-Alpes 1979[56]
Flag of France France Paris File:IDF flag.svg Île-de-France 2006[57]
Flag of India India Lucknow File:Upgovt-logo.jpg Uttar Pradesh 2000[58]
Flag of Japan Japan Hiroshima Hiroshima Prefecture 1998[59]
Flag of the Philippines Philippines File:Ph flag manila.gif Manila Metro Manila 2005[60]
Flag of South Korea South Korea Busan Yeongnam 2000[61]

See also

References

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  27. ^ English Montreal School Board
  28. ^ Lester B. Pearson School Board
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  30. ^ Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys
  31. ^ Commission scolaire Pointe-de-l'Île
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  35. ^ a b Passengers
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