Talk:History of philosophy

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The material below was someone's hard work from WP, but doesn't belong on this site. Here, the philosophy section is meant to be all-inclusive, not biased toward every small western development, although those are here, too. -proteus 11:46, 19 Jan 2004 (EST)

Digest of Major Philosophers

  • Thales (620-546 BC), traditionally the first Presocratic philosopher.
  • Anaximander (610-540 BC), Ionic Presocratic, the first to write a philosophical treatise.
  • Anaximenes (fl. 6th cent. BC), Ionic Presocratic, possibly a pupil of Anaximander.
  • Heraclitus (540-480 BC), Presocratic philosopher of flux.
  • Pythagoras (570-497 BC), philosopher-mathematician based in Italy.
  • Theano (fl. 6th cent. BC), female philosopher, pupil of Pythagoras and later his wife.
  • Xenophanes (570-475 BC), Presocratic philosopher-poet pre-empting the Eleatic school.
  • Parmenides (510-440 BC), Eleatic philosopher of being.
  • Anaxagoras (500-428 BC), Presocratic, the first philosopher known to have been based in Athens.
  • Diogenes of Apollonia (fl. 5th cent. BC), Ionian Presocratic philosopher.
  • Empedocles (493-433 BC), Presocratic philosopher and cosmologist.
  • Zeno of Elea (fl. 5th cent. BC), Eleatic philosopher famous for his paradoxes of motion.
  • Leucippus (fl. 5th cent. BC), Presocratic philosopher, founder of atomism.
  • Protagoras (485-415 BC), Sophist famous for his relativism.
  • Hippias (485-415 BC), Sophist.
  • Gorgias (483-376 BC), Sophist and teacher of rhetoric.
  • Antiphon (480-411 BC), Orator and Sophist]] (if these two are in fact the same person), fragments of whose treatise On Truth were discovered at Oxyrhynchus.
  • Aspasia (fl. 5th cent. BC), female philosopher and rhetorician, companion of Socrates.
  • Socrates (469-399 BC), Athenian philosopher, put to death on charges of corrupting the youth.
  • Prodicus (fl. 5th cent. BC), Sophist contemporay with Socrates.
  • Democritus (460-370 BC), famous atomic philosopher.
  • Euclides of Megara (450-380 BC), associate of Socrates and founder of the Megarian school.
  • Antisthenes (445-360 BC), companion of Socrates, often associated with the later Cynic movement.
  • Aristippus (435-356 BC), companion of Socrates, traditionally the founder of the Cyrenaic school devoted to hedonism.
  • Plato (429-347 BC), younger associate of Socrates, founder of the Academy, teacher of Aristotle.
  • Xenophon (427-355 BC), historian and philosophical author, famous for his accounts of Socrates.
  • Speusippus (407-339 BC), pupil of Plato who succeeded him as second head of the Academy.
  • Diogenes of Sinope (400-325 BC), Cynic philosopher.
  • Xenocrates (396-314 BC), follower of Plato and third head of the Academy.
  • Aristotle (384-322 BC), pupil of Plato, founder of the Lyceum and the Peripatetic tradition.
  • Arete of Cyrene (fl. 4th cent. BC), daughter of Aristippus and his sucessor as head of the Cyrenaic school.
  • Stilpo (380-300 BC), Megarian philosopher, influenced by Cynicism and an influence on Stoicism.
  • Theophrastus (370-288 BC), pupil of Aristotle and his successor as head of the Lyceum.
  • Pyrrho (365-275 BC), founder of the scepticial philosophy named after him.
  • Epicurus (341-270 BC), atomist and hedonist philospher, founder of school named after him.
  • Zeno of Citium (335-263 BC), founder of the Stoic school.
  • Cleanthes (331-232 BC), second head of the Stoic school.
  • Aristo (fl. 3rd cent. BC), Stoic philosopher, a pupil of Zeno, focused primarily on ethics.
  • Timon (320-230 BC), sceptical philosopher, pupil of Pyrrho.
  • Arcesilaus (316-242 BC), head of Plato's Academy, perhaps responsible for its turn towards scepticism.
  • Menippus (fl. 250 BC), Cynic philosopher and famous as a satirist.
  • Chrysippus (280-207 BC), third]] (and probably most important) head of the Stoic school.
  • Diogenes of Babylon (240-152 BC), Stoic philosopher, member of the famous embassy of philosophers to Rome.
  • Carneades (214-129 BC), head of the Academy and founder of the 'New Academy', memder of the famous embassy of philosophers to Rome.
  • Panaetius (185-109 BC), Stoic philosopher with eclectic tendencies, pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater, influence upon Cicero.
  • Philo of Larissa (160-80 BC), head of the Academy, teacher of Cicero.
  • Zeno of Sidon (150-70 BC), Epicurean philosopher.
  • Posidonius (135-51 BC), Stoic philosopher and historian, often characterised as an eclectic representative of the 'Middle Stoa'.
  • Antiochus of Ascalon (130-68 BC), pupil of Philo of Larissa, head of the Academy turning it away from the scepticism of the 'New Academy' and back to the 'Old Academy'. An important influence upon Cicero.
  • Philodemus (110-40 BC), Epicurean philosopher, many of whose works were buried at Herculaneum.
  • Cicero (106-43 BC), Roman philosophical author.
  • Aenesidemus (fl. 1st cent. BC), sceptical philosopher who attempted to revive Pyrrhonism.
  • Lucretius (94-55 BC), Epicurean philosopher-poet.
  • Philo of Alexandria (30 BC - 45 AD), Jewish Hellenistic philosopher and prolific author based in Alexandria.
  • Seneca (4 BC - 65 AD), Latin Stoic author, onetime tutor to the Emperor Nero.
  • Musonius Rufus (30-100 AD), Stoic philosopher-preacher.
  • Plutarch (45-120 AD), biographer and author of an important collection of philosophical essays, the Moralia.
  • Epictetus (55-135 AD), Stoic philosopher, pupil of Musonius Rufus and founder of a school in Nicopolis.
  • Demonax (fl. 2nd cent. AD), Cynic philosopher, pupil of Epictetus.
  • Diogenes of Oenoanda (fl. 2nd cent. AD), author of Epicurean inscription at Oenoanda.
  • Alcinous (fl. 2nd cent. AD), Platonist and author of the Handbook of Platonism.
  • Marcus Aurelius (121-180 AD), Roman Emperor and Stoic philosopher.
  • Galen of Pergamum (129-199 AD), philosopher-doctor influenced by Platonism, physician to Marcus Aurelius, and prolific author.
  • Clement of Alexandria (150-215 AD), Christian Church Father heavily influenced by Greek philosophy.
  • Sextus Empiricus (fl. 200 AD), sceptical philosopher and author.
  • Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 AD), Aristotelian commentator.
  • Julia Domna (170-217 AD), female philosopher and wife of the Emperor Septimius Severus, included Galen and Philostratus in her philosophical circle.
  • Diogenes Laertius (fl. 3rd cent. AD), famous biographer of ancient philosophers.
  • Plotinus (205-270 AD), Platonic philosopher and founder of Neoplatonism.
  • Porphyry (233-309 AD), Neoplatonist, pupil and biographer of Plotinus.
  • Iamblichus (242-327 AD), important Neoplatonic philosopher.
  • Calcidius (fl. 4th cent. AD), Platonist and author of an important Latin translation and commentary on the Timaeus.
  • Themistius (317-388 AD), Aristotelian commentator based in Constantinople.
  • Augustine of Hippo (354-430 AD), Christian philosopher and Church father, influenced by Neoplatonism.
  • Hypatia (370-415 AD), famous female Neoplatonist based Alexandria and murdered by a Christian mob.
  • Proclus (411-485 AD), Athenian Neoplatonist and head of the Academy.
  • Ammonius (440-521 AD), Alexandrian Neoplatonist, a pupil of Proclus and teacher of Damascius and Simplicius.
  • Damascius (462-540 AD), Neoplatonist and head of the Athenian school.
  • Boethius (475-524 AD), Latin Neoplatonist and translator of Aristotle.
  • Simplicius (490-560 AD), Aristotelian commentator, pupil of Damascius.
  • John Philoponus (490-570 AD), Christian Aristotelian commentator based in Alexandria, pupil of Ammonius.
  • John Scotus Erigena (810-877 AD) Also called "John the Scot".
  • Anselm (11th century) Posed the ontological argument for the existence of God.
  • Peter Abelard (1079-1142 AD) Aristotelian (nominalist) lived a great love story similar to Romeo and Juliet.
  • Roger Bacon (1220-1292 AD) He believed there could and should be a unified science based on observation, experiment and abstract reasoning.
  • Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274 AD) Tried to merge the already Platonized Christianity with the philoshophy of Aristotle maintaining a distinction between philoshophy and religion.
  • Duns Scotus (1266-1308 AD) Heavily criticized Aquinas.
  • William of Ockham (1285-1347 AD) Observation nature and reason can only provide us with reliable knowledge about the world, famous for his principle of accepting the simplest of alternatives as the best one (Ockham's Razor).
  • Copernicus (1473-1543 AD) Polish churchman who hypothesized that many mathematical difficulties of the time would disappear if we assumed sun was at the center of our planetary system instead of earth (and flatly contradicting the Bible).
  • Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527 AD) Studied politics and government in an objective (scientific) manner.
  • Tycho Brahe (1546-1601 AD) Astronomer with vast body of measured astronomical observations passed on the Johannes Kepler.
  • Francis Bacon (1561-1626 AD) Believed that scientific knowledge could give power of man over nature. He also believed the idea that definitions advance knowledge was an illusion (Aristotle's idea?).
  • Galileo Galilei (1564-1642 AD) Believed to be founding father of modern science with study of projectiles, pendulum, gravity. Discovered the thermometer. Asserted that earth revolves around its axis.
  • Johannes Kepler (1571-1630 AD) Studied theology but he showed that planets move in elliptical motion around the sun (not circular as previously thought by Copernicus).
  • Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679 AD) Believed that only matter existed, everything could be explained in terms of matter in motion. The whole universe he considered a giant machine. In politics he claimed its the fear of death that forces humans to form societes, and proposed that everyone should agree to hand power to a central authority whose job is to impose law and punish lawbreakers (police state).
  • Rene Descartes (1596-1650 AD) Invented analytic geometry, the graph, looked at humans contradicted themselves and wondered whether there was something that we could know for certain. Famous for his "I think therefore I am".
  • Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677 AD) He believed that our physical body and the soul is one entity. He believed that for the most part we are not aware of the real causes of our actions. Being deprived of freedom of speech himself he was from the first to proclaim its importance.
  • Isaac Newton (1642-1727 AD) Accuratelly analyzed the constituents of light, invented calculus, formulated the gravitational theory, and provided us with accurate account of movements of planets through space.
  • Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716 AD) Invented calculus independently of Newton, was offered professorship at 21 which he turned down. Claimed that truths belong in two categories the ones that can be verified with just examining them with logical statements and the ones that need further observation and application of logic.
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