Vandalism
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Vandalism is the conspicuous defacement or destruction of a structure or symbol which turns out to be, if one follows a Classical liberalism philosophy, against the will of the owner/governing body. Historically, it has been justified by painter Gustave Courbet as destruction of monuments symbolizing "war and conquest". Therefore, it can be done as an expression of contempt, creativity, or both. Vandalism only makes sense in a culture that recognizes history and archeology. Like other similar terms (Barbarian/barbary, and Philistine and Bastard), the term Vandal was originally an ethnic slur referring to the Vandals, who sacked Rome in 455, but unlike the Berbers and Basters, the Vandals, like the Philistines, no longer exist as an identifiable ethnic group.
The term was coined in January 1794 during the French Revolution, by Henri Grégoire, constitutional bishop of Blois, in his report directed to the Republican Convention, where he used word Vandalisme to describe some aspects of the behaviour of the republican army. Gustave Courbet's attempt, during the 1871 Paris Commune, to dismantle the [[Place Vend�me|Vend�me column]], a symbol of the past Napoleon III authoritarian Empire, was one of the most celebrated events of vandalism. Nietzsche himself would medidate after the Commune on the "fight against culture", taking as example the intentional burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23, 1871. "The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of a criminal culture" wrote Klossowski after quoting Nietzsche .
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Official vandalism
Throughout history, the ritual destruction of monuments of a previous government or power has been one of the largest symbols showing the attempt at transition of power. In Rome damnatio memoriae ("damnation of his memory") was normally expressed by erasing the name of the hated individual from inscriptions and removing or replacing statues or replacing just their heads after their death and subsequent disgrace. Damnatio memoriae was effected after their death by the rivals and heirs of Caligula, Nero, Domitian, Commodus and Elagabulus. After the Emperor Caracalla had his co-Emperor Geta assassinated, all depictions or references to Geta were systematically destroyed as part of a damnatio memoriae. Faces and genitals of surviving Greek and Roman sculpture often show how they have been systematically attacked. In palimpsests, text has been washed off parchment that have been overwritten with new text; the existence of effaced manuscripts that were not subsequently overwritten reveals an element of vandalism in this process.
In Egypt, the return of the priests of Amun to power after the religious innovations of Akhenaten was accompanied by desecration of the pharaoh's tomb and the ritual obliteration of his image from temple reliefs and inscriptions. This is official vandalism.
Recent cases of vandalism in this vein include the toppling and destruction of Soviet monuments after the fall of the Soviet Union, the Taliban destruction of Buddhist statuary in Afghanistan, and the well-known toppling of a Saddam Hussein statue by the multinational force in Iraq. In a country with an unpopular dictator, vandalism of the leader's portraits and other elements of his personality cult can be a common form of dissent.
Vandalism of Jewish properties and Jewish-owned businesses was part of the Nazi program, surfacing in the widespread, coordinated vandalism of Kristallnacht the night of November 9 – 10, 1938, when shopwindows were smashed all over Nazi Germany.
Vandalism as crime
Private citizens commit vandalism when they wilfully damage or deface the property of others or the commons. Some vandalism qualifies as culture jamming or sniggling — it is artistic in nature as well as being carried out illegally or without the property owner's permission. Examples include at least some graffiti art, billboard liberation and possibly crop circles. Criminal vandalism has many forms, graffiti on public property is common in many inner cities as part of a gang culture however other more devastating forms such as those involved with public unrest, such as rioting, involve the wilful destruction of public and private property.
In the case of vandalism to private property, the owner - the victim, may feel that they were specifically targeted by the perpetrator(s) - this is not necessarily the case. An example of such a crime would be the wilful destruction of a car window for no obvious purpose save to give the perpetrator(s) possibly a few seconds of entertainment, with no consideration, or empathy for the detriment to the state of mind or inconvienience of the victim. Reasoning for such actions can be attributed to envy, or spontaneous and opportunistic behaviour (possibly for peer acceptance or bravado in gang cultures) or disgruntlement with the target (victim) person or society.
The large scale prevailence of gang graffiti in some inner cities has almost made it acceptable to the societies based there - so much so it may go unnoticed, or not be removed, possibly because it may be a fruitless endeavour, to be graffitied on once again. Typically in the case of graffitti on a large scale it is doubtful whether the perpetrators are even aware that the public property they are vandalising may have been, and may be repaired by - their own taxes, and that the environmental and socialogical damage they inflict is part of greater degradation of the affected areas which may include other crime and socially unacceptable behaviour. As a result of large scale vandalism, property prices may drop significantly in affected areas, encouraging persons on low incomes and/or benefits to enter the area, for example in the UK, via some housing association purchased properties, which can compound the problem by causing unrest due to cultural differences, said persons having drug or behavioural problems or criminal tendencies.
Vandalism as art
- For more information, see the main article about Graffiti
Though vandalism in itself is illegal, it is also an integral part of modern popular culture. French painter Gustave Courbet's attempt to disassemble the [[Place Vend�me|Vend�me column]] during the 1871 Paris Commune was probably one of the first artistic vandalist act, celebrated at least since Dada performances during World War I. The Vend�me column was considered a symbol of the past Napoleon III empire, and dismantled as such.
After the burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23, 1871, Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche himself meditated about the "fight against culture", wondering what could justify culture if it was to be destroyed in such a "senseless" manner (the arguments are: culture is justified by works of art and scientific achievements; exploitation is necessary to those achievements, leading to the creation of exploited people who then fight against culture. In this case, culture can't be legitimised by art achievements, and Nietzsche write: "I {also} know what it means: fighting against culture". After quoting him, Klossowski writes: "The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of a criminal culture"
As destruction of monument, vandalism can only have sense in a culture respecting history, archeology - Nietzsche spoke of monumental history. As destruction of monumental history, vandalism was assured a long life: Performance art could make such a claim, as well as Hakim Bey's poetic terrorism or Destroy 2000 Years of Culture from Atari Teenage Riot. Gustave Courbet's declaration stated:
"Attendu que la colonne Vend�me est un monument d�nu� de toute valeur artistique, tendant � perp�tuer par son expression les id�es de guerre et de conqu�te qui �taient dans la dynastie imp�riale, mais que r�prouve le sentiment d�une nation r�publicaine, [le citoyen Courbet] �met le v�u que le gouvernement de la D�fense nationale veuille bien l�autoriser � d�boulonner cette colonne."
("As the Vend�me column is formally considered a monument devoided of any artistic value, tending to perpetuate with its expression ideas of war and conquest of the past imperial dynasty, that are reprovated by a republican nation's sentiment, citizen Courbet is to emit his wish that the National Defense government will allow him to disassemblate this column.")
Hence, painter Courbet justified the dismantlement of the Vend�me column on political grounds, downgrading its artistic value. Vandalism poses the problem of the value of art compared to life's hardships: Courbet thought that the political values transmitted by this work of art neutralized its artistic value. Anyway, his project wasn't followed, however, on April 12, 1871, the dismantlement of the imperial symbol was voted by the Commune, and the column taken down on May 8. After the assault on the Paris Commune by Adolphe Thiers, Gustave Courbet was condemned to pay part of the expenses. As any good vandal, he prefered flying away to Switzerland.
Graffiti tags, designs, and styles of writing are commonplace on clothing and are an influence on many of the corporate logos with which we are familiar. Many skateparks and similar youth-oriented venues are decorated with commissioned graffiti-style artwork, and in many others patrons are welcome to leave their own. There is still, however, a very fine line between vandalism as an artform, as a political statement, and as a crime. An Excellent example of one who walks this threefold line is Bristol born guerrilla-artist Banksy, who is revered as a cult artistic figure by many, but seen by just as many as a criminal and a thug.
Notes
- ^ See Pierre Klossowski, Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle, first Chapter: What is the value of culture if those who are exploited by it destroy it? "En sorte qu'il nous faut �tre bien loin de vouloir, du haut de notre sentiment de nous-m�mes, imputer le crime d'un combat contre la culture exclusivement � ces malheureux. Je sais ce que cela veut dire: le combat contre la culture. (...) je me campronnai avec une conviction s�rieuse � la valeur m�taphysique de l'art, lequel ne saurait exister � cause des pauvres gens, mais doit accomplir des missions plus hautes. Mais, en d�pit de mon extr�me douleur, je n'�tais pas en �tat de jeter la moindre pierre � ces profanateurs qui, pour moi, n'�taient que les supp�ts de la culpabilit� universelle, sur laquelle il ya beaucoup � m�diter!" (Nietzsche quoted by Klossowski pp.29-30 French edition, who adds: "Le combat criminel contre la culture n'est lui-m�me que l'envers d'une culture criminelle" ("The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of a criminal culture")[3]
Voir aussi
- [[Liste des articles comprenant de longs passages en fran�ais]]
See also
External links
References
- Adapted from the Wikipedia article, "Vandalism" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism, used under the GNU Free Documentation License Updated January 9, 2006
