Z

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Z is the twenty-sixth and final letter of the modern English alphabet.

Contents 1 Name and pronunciation 2 History 2.1 Blackletter Z 3 Usage 4 Codes for computing 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Name and pronunciation

In many dialects of English, with the notable exception of American English, the letter's name is zed, pronounced /zɛd/, reflecting its derivation from the Greek zeta (see below). In the U.S., its name is zee /ziː/, deriving from a late 17th-century English dialectal form. Another English dialectal form is izzard /ˈɪzɚd/, which dates from the mid-18th century and probably derives from the French et zède "and z".^[1] This is the predominant form in anglophone South Asia. In Canadian English, zed is the more common name; zee is not unknown, but it is often stigmatized.

Other Indo-European languages pronounce the letter's name in a similar fashion, such as zet in Dutch, German, Romanian and Czech, zède in French, zæt in Danish, säta in Swedish, seta in Italian and in Spanish dialects with seseo, and zê in Portuguese.

In Chinese (Mandarin) pinyin the name of the letter Z is pronounced [tsɛ], although the English zed and zee have become very common.

In the Philippines, it is quite common to hear people pronounce the name of the letter Z as "zay" rhyming with "say".

History

Proto-Semitic Z	Phoenician Z	Etruscan Z	Greek Zeta
File:Proto-semiticZ-01.png	File:PhoenicianZ-01.png	File:EtruscanZ-01.svg	File:Zeta uc lc.svg

The name of the Semitic symbol was zayin, possibly meaning "weapon", and was the seventh letter. It represented either z as in English and French, or possibly more like /dz/ (as in Italian zeta, zero).

The Greek form of Z was a close copy of the Phoenician symbol I, and the Greek inscriptional form remained in this shape throughout ancient times. The Greeks called it Zeta, a new name made in imitation of Eta (η) and Theta (θ).

In earlier Greek of Athens and Northwest Greece, the letter seems to have represented /dz/; in Attic, from the 4th century BC onwards, it seems to have been either /zd/ or a /dz/, and in fact there is no consensus concerning this issue. In other dialects, as Elean and Cretan, the symbol seems to have been used for sounds resembling the English voiced and unvoiced th (IPA /ð/ and /θ/, respectively). In the common dialect (κοινη) that succeeded the older dialects, ζ became /z/, as it remains in modern Greek.

In Etruscan, Z may have symbolized /ts/; in Latin, /dz/. In early Latin, the sound of /z/ developed into /r/ and the symbol became useless. It was therefore removed from the alphabet around 300 BC by the Censor, Appius Claudius Caecus, and a new letter, G, was put in its place soon thereafter.

In the 1st century BC, it was, like Y, introduced again at the end of the Latin alphabet, in order to represent more precisely the value of the Greek zeta — previously transliterated as S at the beginning and ss in the middle of words, eg. sona = ζωνη, "belt"; trapessita = τραπεζιτης, "banker". The letter appeared only in Greek words, and Z is the only letter besides Y that the Romans took directly from the Greek, rather than Etruscan.

In Vulgar Latin, Greek Zeta seems to have represented (IPA /dj/), and later (IPA /dz/); d was for /z/ in words like baptidiare for baptizare "baptize", while conversely Z appears for /d/ in forms like zaconus, zabulus, for diaconus "deacon", diabulus, "devil". Z also is often written for the consonantal I (that is, J, IPA /j/) as in zunior for junior "younger".

Until recent times, the English alphabets used by children terminated not with Z but with & or related typographic symbols. George Eliot refers to Z being followed by & when she makes Jacob Storey say, "He thought it [Z] had only been put to finish off th' alphabet like; though ampusand would ha' done as well, for what he could see."

Blackletter Z

A glyph variant of Z originating in the medieval Gothic minuscules and the Early Modern Blackletter typefaces is the "tailed z" (German geschwänztes Z, also Z mit Unterschlinge) In some Antiqua typefaces, this letter is present as a standalone letter or in ligatures. Together with long s, it is also the origin of the ß ligature in German orthography.

A graphical variant of tailed Z is Ezh, as adopted into the International Phonetic Alphabet as the sign for the voiced postalveolar fricative.

Unicode assigns codepoints for "BLACK-LETTER CAPITAL Z" and "FRAKTUR SMALL Z" in the Letterlike Symbols and Mathematical alphanumeric symbols ranges, at U+2128 ℨ and U+1D537 𝖟, respectively.

Z-small-VA-64x88.svg lowercase z as taught in some primary schools

Z-small-Variante.svg Variant of z in an Antiqua typeface

Usage

In Italian, Z represents two phonemes, namely /ts/ and /dz/; in German, it stands for /ts/; in Castilian Spanish it represents /θ/ (as English th in thing), though in other dialects (Latin American, Andalusian) this sound has merged with /s/.

In Chinese (Mandarin) pinyin "z" is pronounced [ts] (unaspirated pinyin "c") ("halfway" between beds and bets). In romanised Japanese Z stands for both [z] and [dz] (which are allophones in that language).

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses [z] for the voiced alveolar sibilant. Early English had used (and to an extent, still does use) S alone for both the unvoiced and the voiced sibilant; the Latin sound imported through French was new and was not written with Z but with G or I. The successive changes can be well seen in the double forms from the same original, jealous and zealous. Both of these come from a late Latin zelosus, derived from the imported Greek ζηλος. Much the earlier form is jealous; its initial sound is the [dʒ] which in later French is changed to [ʒ]. It is written gelows or iclous by Wycliffe and his contemporaries; the form with I is the ancestor of the modern form. At the end of words this Z was pronounced ts as in the English assets, which comes from a late Latin ad satis through an early French assez "enough". Z as in Zach.

Z is also used in English to represent (/ʒ/) in words like azure, seizure. But this sound appears even more frequently as s-before-u, and as si before other vowels as in measure, decision, etc., or in foreign words as G, as in rouge. The IPA character chosen for this sound in the nineteenth century is confused with another, much earlier obsolete character, yogh.

Few words in the Basic English vocabulary begin with Z, though it occurs in words beginning with other letters. It is also the most rarely used letter in written English (but is the most frequently used of the consonants in the Polish language).^[2]

Z was abolished in Icelandic in 1974.

In English transliterated Tamil script, "zh" is used to represent ழ U+0BB4 (ḻ, ɹ).

Codes for computing

Template:Letter In Unicode, the capital "Z" is codepoint U+005A and the lower case "z" is U+007A.

The ASCII code for capital "Z" is 90 and for lowercase "z" is 122; ^[3] in binary, 01011010 and 01111010,^[3] or in hexidecimal, 5a 7a, correspondingly.

The EBCDIC code for capital "Z" is 233 and for lowercase "z" is 169 (64 less).^[3]

The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "Z" and "z" for upper and lower case respectively.

See also

• Zed
• Zee
• Ezh
• Zzz
• З, з - Ze (Cyrillic)

References

This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Z. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. The text of this Wikinfo article is available under the GNU Free Documentation License and the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license. English | Română | edit

The ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh	Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv	Ww	Xx	Yy	Zz
Letter Z with diacritics ŹźẐẑŽžŻżẒẓẔẕƵƶᵶᶎȤȥʐʑɀⱫⱬ Template:AZsubnavhistory • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters

External links

• James Grout: Appius Claudius Caecus and the Letter Z, part of the Encyclopædia Romana