Yip Harburg

Edgar Yipsel Harburg (April 8, 1896 – March 5, 1981), known as E.Y. Harburg or Yip Harburg, was an American popular song lyricist who worked with many well-known composers. He wrote the lyrics to the standards, "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?", "", and "", as well as all of the songs in , including "".

Life and career
Harburg, the youngest of four surviving children (out of ten), was born Isidore Hochberg on the Lower East Side of New York City on April 8, 1896. His parents, Lewis Hochberg and Mary Ricing, were faithful, Yiddish-speaking Jews who had emigrated from Russia. Harburg's nickname "Yipsel" (often shortened to "Yip") came about as "Yipsel" is how people pronounced "YPSL" -- the acronym for the Young People's Socialist League of which he was a member. Some have incorrectly believed that "Yipsel" is a Yiddish word meaning "squirrel."

Later, he adopted the name Edgar Harburg. He was best known as Edgar "Yip" Harburg. He attended, where he and , who met over a shared fondness for , worked on the school paper and became life-long friends. They went on to attend City College (later part of the City University of New York) together.

After graduating from university, Harburg spent three years in Uruguay to avoid involvement in World War I, which he opposed as a committed socialist. There he worked as a factory supervisor. After the war he returned to New York, married and had two children and started writing light verse for local newspapers. He became co-owner of Electrical Appliance Company. The company went bankrupt following the crash of 1929, leaving Harburg "anywhere from $50,000 - $70,000 in debt," which he insisted on paying back over the course of the next few decades. At this point, Ira Gershwin and Yip Harburg agreed that Yip should start writing song lyrics.

Gershwin introduced Harburg to, who collaborated with him on songs for an  review (Earl Carroll's Sketchbook): the show was successful and Harburg was engaged as lyricist for a series of successful s, including Americana in 1932, for which he wrote the lyrics of Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? to the tune of a lullaby Gorney had learned as a child in Russia. This song swept the nation, becoming an anthem of the Great Depression.

Harburg and Gorney were offered a contract with : in Hollywood, Harburg worked with composers, , , , and {{Wp link|Burton Lane]], and wrote the lyrics for The Wizard of Oz for which he won the {{Wp link|Academy Award for Best Song|Academy Award for Best Music, Original Song}} for {{Wp link|Over the Rainbow}}.

Of his work on {{Wp link|The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz}}, his son (and biographer) Ernie Harburg said,

{{cquote2|So anyhow, Yip also wrote all the dialogue in that time and the setup to the songs and he also wrote the part where they give out the heart, the brains and the nerve, because he was the final script editor. And he — there were eleven screenwriters on that — and he pulled the whole thing together, wrote his own lines and gave the thing a coherence and unity which made it a work of art. But he doesn’t get credit for that. He gets lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, you see. But nevertheless, he put his influence on the thing.}}

Working in Hollywood did not stop Harburg's career on Broadway. In the 1940s, he wrote a series of book musicals with social messages, including the very successful Bloomer Girl (1944) (about temperance and women's rights activist Amelia Bloomer) and his most famous Broadway show, {{Wp link|Finian's Rainbow}} (1947) (perhaps the first Broadway musical with a racially integrated chorus line, featuring Harburg's "When the Idle Poor Become the Idle Rich"). It has had four major revivals (1955, 1960 and 1967, 2009), and was also made into {{Wp link|Finian's Rainbow (film)|a film}} starring {{Wp link|Fred Astaire}} and {{Wp link|Petula Clark}}, directed by {{Wp link|Francis Ford Coppola}}, in 1968. In 2004, the {{Wp link|Irish Repertory Theatre}} staged a well-received {{Wp link|Off-Broadway}} production starring {{Wp link|Melissa Errico}} and {{Wp link|Johnathan Freeman}}. New York's City Center Encores! series performed a critically acclaimed concert version of the piece in March 2009. Directed and choreographed by Warren Carlyle, it starred {{Wp link|Tony Award}}-winner {{Wp link|Jim Norton (actor)|Jim Norton}} and {{Wp link|Kate Baldwin}} as Finian and Sharon, with {{Wp link|Cheyenne Jackson}} as Woody and Jeremy Bobb as Og, the leprechaun. A Broadway revival began on October 29 at the {{Wp link|St. James Theatre}} with most of the Encores! cast. Newly added to the Broadway cast are Christopher Fitzgerald as Og and Chuck Cooper as Billboard; {{Wp link|Jim Norton (actor)|Jim Norton}}, {{Wp link|Kate Baldwin}} and {{Wp link|Cheyenne Jackson}} all reprise their roles. It closed on January 17, 2010.

Later years
True to his strongly leftist views, Harburg supported the 1948 presidential campaign of Henry Wallace, and wrote the lyrics of the campaign song "Everyone Likes Wallace, Friendly Henry Wallace." From about 1951 to 1962, Yip Harburg was a victim of the Hollywood blacklist when movie studio bosses blacklisted industry people for actual or suspected involvement or sympathy with the American Communist Party. No longer able to work in Hollywood, he nevertheless continued to write musicals for Broadway, among which was Jamaica, which featured Lena Horne.

Death
Yip Harburg died on March 5, 1981 in an automobile accident on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood.

Awards and recognition
In 1940 Harburg won an Oscar, shared with Harold Arlen, for Best Music, Original Song for "The Wizard of Oz", (1939). In addition, he was nominated for an Oscar for Best Music, Original Song, along with Arlen, for "Cabin in the Sky", (1943) and Best Music, Original Song for "Can't Help Singing", shared with Jerome Kern in (1944).

Harburg was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1972.

In April 2005, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp recognizing his accomplishments. The stamp is drawn from a portrait taken by photographer Barbara Bordnick in 1978 along with a rainbow and lyric from Over the Rainbow. The first day ceremony was held at the 92nd Street Y in New York.

Songs

 * "Over the Rainbow" (1939)
 * "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" with composer Jay Gorney (1932)
 * "Cabin in the Sky" with Harold Arlen (1943)
 * "Bloomer Girl" with Harold Arlen (1944)
 * "April in Paris"
 * "It's Only a Paper Moon"
 * "Lydia the Tattooed Lady"
 * "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?"
 * "Old Devil Moon"
 * "Then I'll Be Tired of You"
 * "When the Idle Poor Become the Idle Rich"
 * "Down with Love"
 * "Free and Equal Blues" performed by Josh White

Broadway revues

 * Earl Carroll's Sketchbook of 1929 (1929) - co-composer and co-lyricist with Jay Gorney
 * Garrick Gaieties (1930) - contributing lyricist
 * Earl Carroll's Vanities of 1930 (1930) - contributing songwriter
 * The Vanderbilt Revue (1930) - contributing lyricist
 * Ziegfeld Follies of 1931 (1931) - featured lyricist for "Mailu"
 * Shoot the Works (1931) - contributing composer and lyricist
 * Ballyhoo of 1932 (1932) - lyricist
 * Americana (1932) - lyricist. The Revue include "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
 * Walk A Little Faster (1932) - lyricist
 * Ziegfeld Follies of 1934 (1934) - primary lyricist (for about half of the numbers)
 * Life Begins at 8:40 (1934) - co-lyricist with Ira Gershwin
 * The Show is On (1936) - featured lyricist
 * Blue Holiday (1945) - all-Black cast - contributing composer and lyricist
 * At Home With Ethel Waters (1953) - featured lyricist for "Happiness is Jes' a Thing Called Joe"

Post-retirement or posthumous credits:
 * A Day in Hollywood / A Night in the Ukraine (1980) - featured lyricist for "Over the Rainbow"
 * Jerome Kern Goes to Hollywood (1986) - featured lyricist to music by Jerome Kern
 * Mostly Sondheim (2002) - featured lyricist

Broadway musicals

 * Hooray for What! (1937) - lyricist and originator
 * Hold on to Your Hats (1940) - lyricist
 * Bloomer Girl (1944) - lyricist, originator and director for musical numbers
 * Finian's Rainbow (1947) - lyricist, originator and co-bookwriter
 * Revived in 1955, 1960, 2009
 * Flahooley (1951) - lyricist, originator and co-bookwriter
 * Jamaica (1957) - lyricist, originator and co-bookwriter - Tony Nomination for Best Musical
 * The Happiest Girl in the World (1961) - originator and lyricist to music by Jacques Offenbach and originator of the story, based on Lysistrata by Aristophanes
 * Darling of the Day (1968) - lyricist

Films

 * Moonlight and Pretzels - 1933
 * The Singing Kid - 1936
 * Golddiggers of 1937 - 1936
 * The Wizard of Oz - 1939
 * At the Circus - 1939
 * Babes on Broadway - 1941
 * Ship Ahoy - 1942
 * Cabin in the Sky - 1943 Harburg's song "Aint It The Truth" expressing religious skepticism was removed
 * Can't Help Singing - 1944
 * Gay Purr-ee - 1962
 * Finian's Rainbow - 1968

Books

 * Rhymes for the Irreverent (1965)
 * At This Point in Rhyme (1976)
 * Over the Rainbow (2000)